PIPILO ERYTHEOPHTHALMUS, TOWHEE BtJNTING. 173 



0.62 to 0.80. Females— 7.50 to 8.75; 10.70 to 11.75; 3.25 to 2.85; 3.40 to 4.10; 0.62 to 0.75. 

 Average, male— 8.46 ; 11.43; 2.63; 3.87. Average, feraale—8.27 ; 11.27; 3.53: 3.75. 



Lieutenant Warren's Expedition, — 4854, lovra Poiab. 



Not obtaiaed Captain Raynolcls' or the later Expeditions. 



The Cardinal lays rather a peculiar egg, some specimens reminding 

 one of a Night-Hawk's, in coloration at least, and others being more like 

 those of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak in the pattern of markings. The 

 ground is white, in all of about fifty cases noticed. The spotting is of 

 every shade of brown, from pale-reddish to heavy chocolate, but it is 

 usually rather dark, and there is a great show of the various purplish- 

 brown or stone-gray shell markings. The markings vary from fine 

 uniform dotting or marbling to heavy spotting, but I see none with very 

 large masses of color. Size a little over an inch by rather less than 

 three-fourths of an inch, but very variable. The egg of Pyrrliuloxia 

 sinuata is altogether similar. 



^ "^ PIPILO ERYTHEOPHTHALMUS, (Linn.) Vieill. 

 Ground Robin ; Marsh Robin ; Towhee Bunting ; Chewink. 



a. erythrophthalmus. 



FringiUa eri/thropMhalmus, LiXN., Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 318.— Bp., Syn. 1828, 112.— Nutt., 

 Man. i, 1832, 515.— AUD., Oru. Biog. i, 1832, 150 ; v, 1839, 511 ; pi. 29. 



Emierisa erythrophthalma, Gm., Svst. Nat. i, 1788, 874.— WiLS., vi, 1812, 90, pi. 53. 



Pipilo erythrophtlmlmus, Vieill., Gal. Ois. i, 1824, 109, pi. 80.— Bp., List, 1838, 35.— AuD., 

 Syn. 1839, 124.— AUD., B. Am. iii, 1841, 167, pi. 195.— GiR., B. L. I. 1844, 124.— 

 Bp., Cousp. Av. i, 1850, 487.— Woodii., Sitgr. Eep. 1853, 81 (New Mexico (?), 

 Texas, and Indian Territory ).—Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 512.— Hayd., Eep. 1862, 168.— 

 Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii, 1872, 178.— CouES, Key, 1872, 151.— Snow, B. Kans. 

 1873, 8.— B. B. & R., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 106, 109, pi. 31, f. 2, 3; and of authors 

 generally. 



Pipilo atei; Vieill., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. sxxiy, 1819, 292. 



b, alleni. 



(Smaller, white-eyed, with less white on wings and tail. Florida.) 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus var. alleni, CoUES, Am. Nat. v, 1871, 366 ; Key, 1872, 152. — B. B. 



& E., N. A. B. ii, 1874, 112, with figs. 

 Pipilo leucopia, Mayn., B. of Fla. (in press). 



]Iai. — Eastern Province of North America to Minnesota (Trippe), Canada (Mcll- 

 wraith), and Labrador {Audubon). In northern portions of its range perfectly migratory, 

 and only seen in summer. Eesident in the Southern States, and even as high as Penii- 

 sylvania, in sheltered situations (Turnhtdl). Breeds in most places throughout its 

 range. Eeaches westward through part of Kansas, and on the Missouri Eiver to about 

 43°. Fort Eandall {Haydcn'j. Meets var. arcticus in Northern Dakota. 



Lieutenant TVarren's Expedition.— iSM,Io\\a, Foint; 4835, St. Joseph's ; 4834, Wood's 

 Bluff; 4328-29, 4833, 4836, Bald Island. Missouri Eiver. 



Not obtained by CaiJtain Eaynolds' Expedition. 



According to the authority last quoted on this subject, extensive series of Eastern 

 Pipilo present the following measurements of the males, the females being a little 

 smaller in each case : 



Northern specimens.— Length, 7.50 to 8.80 ; extent, 10.00 to. 10.25 ; wing, 3.17 to 3.90 ; 

 tail, 3.30 to 3.93 ; tarsus, 0.98 to 1.13. Average : Length, 8.19 ; extent, 11.32 ; wing, 

 3.43 ; tail, 3.66 ; tarsus, 1.06. 



Floridan specimens (var. alleni). — Length, 7.20 to 8.50; extent, 9.50 to 11.30; wing, 

 2.80 to 3.50 ; tail, 3.25 to 3.90 ; tarsus, 0.80 to 1.00. Average : Length, 7.88 ; extent, 

 9.88 ; wing, 3.13 ; tail, 3.56 ; tarsus, 0.94. 



The little difference in total length of Northern and Southern, compared with that 

 in the wing and in alar extent, is owing to the greater relative length of the tail of 

 the Floridan form. 



Audubon states that in the young the eye is sometimes yeUowish-white, and that 

 occasionally the two eyes of the same individual are not of the same color. A late anony- 

 mous writer says that the eyes turn white in winter. The Floridan form appears to 

 he resident in that State, and to always have white or whitish eyes. Its song ' ' is quite 



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