310 NYCTEA SCANDIACA, SNOWY OWL. 



57.— Daud., Tr. Orn. ii, 1800, 183 — Bechst., Naturg. ii, 925 ; V. D. ii, 350.— 

 MEYEn, Tasch. i, 7:').— Vieill., Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 18; Vn. Fr. 48, pi. 23, f. 2.— 

 Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii, 1809, 240.— Sab., Parry's 1st Voy. Snppl. 193.— Eicn., 

 Parry's 2(1 Vdv. App. :i42.— Paix., Zoog. E. A. i, 1831, 312.— WiLS., Am. Orn. 

 iv, 1812, 53, pi. 32, f. 1.— Bp., Syn. 1828, 34 ; Isis, 1832, 1139.— Temm., Man. pt. 

 i, p. 82 ; pt. iii, p. 45; Tabl. Meth. 6.— Nalm., V. D. 241, pi. 33, f. 66; eil. nov. 

 i, 417, pi. 41.— Yarr., Br. B. i, 134.— Fi.em., Br. An. 58.— Schinz, Pli. Helv. 56.— 

 MoxT., Diet. (ed. Eeuuie) 471.— JloRU., Br. B. i, 194, pi. 27.— Wern., Atl. Ois. 

 pi. 45.— Sw. & EiCH., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 88.— Ndtt., Man. i, 1832, 116.— Aui>., 

 Orn. Biog. iv, 1834, 135 ; v, 1839, 382 ; pi. 121.— Thomps., Hist. Vt. 64.— Peab., 

 Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 84.— SCHi.., Eev. Grit. Ois. Eur. 17. 

 Noctua nyctea, Ci'v., E. A. i, 1817, 332.— BoiE, Isis, J822, 770.— Less., Man. i, 110 ; Tr. 

 101.— Breiim, Isis, 1834,. 240.— Bkehm, V. D. 103.— jENVj;tj, Man. Br. Vert. 

 23.— SciLL., M. P.-B. 1862, Strhjes, 45. 

 Symium nyetea, Kaup, Sk. Eut. Eur. Thierw. 1829, pp. 59, 190. 



Surnia nyetea, Selby, 111. Br. Oru. i, 1833, 95, pi. 23. — Edmonst., Mera. Wern. Soc. iv, 

 l.=)7.— James., ed. Wils. i, 92.— Gould, B. Eiir. pi. 43.— Jard., Br. B. i, 303.— 

 Thomps., B. Irel. i, 95.— Eyt., Cat. Br. B. 6.— Keys & Beas., Wirb. Eur. 

 33.— AUD., Syn. 1839, 21; B. Am. i, 1840, 113, pi. 28.— DbKay,N. Y. Zool. 1844, 

 pi. 9, f. 20.— GiR.. B. L. I. 1844, 22.— PuTN., Pr. Ess. Inst, i, 1856, 204.— Kaup, 

 Tr. Z. S. iv, 1859:214. 

 Syrnia nyetea, Macgil., Hist. Br. B. iii, 1840, 407 : Eep. B. Gr. Brit. 348 —Thomps., Ann. 



Nat. Hist, i, 241 ; iii, 107.— Jard., ed. Wils. ii, 46.— Watt., B. Irel. 27. 

 Strix wapacuthu, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1768, 291 (ex TVapacuiJm Ott'l, Penn., Arct. Zool. Ii, 

 1785, 231, No. 119).— Lath., Ind. Orn. i, 1790, 58 (Gen. Syn. Suppl. 49).— Daui>., 

 Tr. Orn. ii, 1800, 189.— Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii, 1809, 243.— Vieill., Ois. Am. Sept. 47. 

 Nyetea wapatutku, Steph., Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii, 1826, 63, No. 2. 

 Strix arctica, Bart., Trav. in Fla. 1791, 289. 



Strix nivea, Thukb., Sv. Ak. Handlung, 1798, 84.— Daud., Tf. Orn. ii, 1800, 190 (ia Choii- 

 ette Handle, LeVail., Ois. Afr. i, 1799, 174, pi. 45).— Zawad., Fn. Wirb. 1840,45. 

 Noctua nivea, Beehm, Isis, 1834, 246. 



Nyetea nivea. Gray, Gen. of B. i, 1844, 34, pi. 12, f. 2 ; List, B. Br. Mus. 86; Cat. Gen. 

 8.— Bp., Consp. Av. i, 18.50, 36.— Cass., 111. 1854, 190.— Brehm, Vogelf. 1855, 35.— 

 Brew., N. Am. 061. 1857, 79.— Bd., B. N. A. 1858,63.— Kirkp., Ohio Agric. Eep. 

 1858.— Wheat., ibid. 1860, No. 28 (Ohio).— Coues & Prest., Smitb.s. Eep. 1861, 

 402, (Wasliington, D .C.).— Boardm., Pr. Bost. Soc. ix, 18G2, 123 (Calais, Me., 

 probably breeding).— Verr., Pr. Ess. Inst, iii, 1862, 144 (Norway, Me., in win- 

 ter). — Allen, ilrid. iv, 1864, 52 and 97 (Massachusetts, Nov. to M;i,\' 20). — 

 McIlwr., ibid. V, 1866, 82 (Hamilton, C. W., in ■winter).— Coues, ibid.'v, 1868, 

 261 (New England, in winter).— Dress., Ibis, 1865, 330 (Texas).— Lawr., 

 Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii, 1866, 259.-COUES. Pr. Bost. Soc. xii, 1868, 120 (South 

 Carolina).— TUEXB., B. E. Pa. 1869, 9 (winter, rather rare).- Dai.l & Banx., 

 Tr. Chic. Acad, i, 1869, 273 (Alaska).— Dale, Pr. Phila. Acad. Feb. l.'^73 (Aleu- 

 tian Islands).— Coop., B. Cal. i, 1870, 447 (nevnr found in California). — Snow, 

 B. Kan.s. 1873, 2 (Kansas, rare in winter). — C'oue.s, Key, 1872, 205, tig. 138. 

 ^"yctea nivea europa'a et americana, A. BiiEHJi, Vcrz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 2. 

 Strix bubo var. albus, Daud., Tr. Orn. ii, 1800, 210 (ex Lixx.). 

 Strix Candida, Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl. 1801, p. xiv. No. 3 (ra LeVaiill. — Ermine Owl, 



Lath., Syn. Snppl. ii, 1802, 60, No. 7). 

 Nyctia eandida, Sw., Classif. B. ii, 1837, 217. 

 Nyetea Candida, Beehji, Vogelf. 1855, 35.— Bp., List, 1838, 6. — Kaup, Men. Slrig. Cont. 



Oru. 1852, 107. 

 Strix erminea, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii, 1809, 251. 

 Nyetea erminea, Steph., Gen. Zool. xiii, pt. ii, 1826, 63, No. 1. 

 Harfang, Buff., P. E. 458. 



Hab. — Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere, ranging irregnlariy sonth-r- 

 ward in winter. In North America, resident from the Canadas and probably iroxa'yj(-' ' 

 Maine, northward. Eegularly enters the Northern States in winter, frequently wan-,' -a , 

 dering to the Middle States, casually to the Southern States, even to Texas (liresser).: '' " 

 Kansas (Snoto). Kentucky and South Carolina (Audubon). Bermuda (Jardine). 



Although apparently unnoticed by either Expedition, the Snowy;Jv, 

 Owl visits the Missouri region in winter, as it does the correspoudiug /a- 

 latitudes of the Eastern States. Its wanderings are more extensive 

 than those of either the Hawk Owl or the Great Gray Owl, as will be 

 seen by the above quotations, and are remarkable for a bird whose 

 whole aspect betokens a nature fitted to endure the utmost rigor of 

 climate. We have advices of its presence in winter in nearly all the 



Digitized by Microsoft® 



