ZEN^DUKA CAROLINENSIS, CAROLINA DOVE. 389 



Some years since a great flight of Pigeons occurred near Washington, 

 where for several days, in the fall, the woods were filled with the birds. 

 More or fewer are usually seen there every year, and I once killed a 

 specimen so newly ftom the nest as to cause me to believe that it had 

 been hatched in the vicinity. 



ZENiEDUEA CAEOLINENSIS, (Linn.) Bp. ' 



Carolina Dove; Common Dove. 



Columba caroJinensis, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 286 (Ttirtur caroUnmsis, Gates., Car. i, ^'^ 

 24 ; Briss. i, 110, iil. 3, fig. 1).— Gm., i, 1788, 787.— L.vTii., Ini]. Oru. ii, 1790, 613.— / 

 "WiLS., Am. Oi-Q. V, 1812, 91, pi. 43, tig. l.-Bp., Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 159; Hvn. 

 1828, 119.— NUTT., Man. i, 1832, 62G.— AuD., O. B. i, 1831-, 91 ; v, 1839, 555 ; pl.'l7. 



Eciopistes caroKnensis, Elcii.,List. 1837. — Bp., List, 1838,41. — AUD., Syn. 1839, 195; B. Am. 

 V, 1S42, 36, pi. 286.— WoODH., Sitgr. Eup. 1853, 92.— Newb., P. R. R. Rep. vi, 

 1857, 92.— Hkerji., ibid, x, 1859, p-t. vi, 60. 



Zertaidura carolinensis, Bp., Consp. ii, 1854, 84. — Bd., B. N. A. 1858,'604. — Kenn., P. R. R. 

 Rep. 5, 1859, pt. iv, 33.— ScL., P. Z. S. 1856, 359 (Cordova) ; 1859, 391 (Oaxaca) ; 

 Ibis, i, 1859, 222 (Guatemala).— Coop. & Suck., N. H. Wash. Ter. 1860, 218.— 

 Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 227 (Honduras).— Hayd., Rep. 1862, 172.— Cobes, Pr. 

 Phila. Acad. 1866, 93 (Arizona).- Dress., Ibis, 1866, 24 (Texas).— Boardji., Pr. 

 Bost. Soc. ix, 18G2, 127 (llaiue, rare). — Allen, Pr. Ess. lust, iv, 1864, 75 (Massa- 

 chusetts, common). — Gundl., Repert. 1866, 30 (Cuba). — McIlwr., Pr. Ess. Inst. 

 V, 1866, 91 (Canada West).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst, v, 1868, 287.— Lawr., Ann. Lvc. 

 ix, 139 (Costa Rica) ; ix, 207 (Yucatan).— Coop., Am. Nat. iii, 1869, 81 ; B. Cal. 

 i, 1870, 512.— Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii, 1872, 181 (mountains of Colorado up to 

 11,000 feet).— Snow, B. Kaus. 1873.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1872, 208.— Stev,, 

 U. S. Geol. Surv. Ter. 1870, 465.— Codes, Key, 1872, 226, fig. 146.— B. B. & R., 

 N. A. B. iii, 1874, 383, pi. 58, tig. 2. 



Perissura carolinensis, Cab,, J. f. O. 1856, 111 (Cuba). 



Cliama!pe1ia carolinensis, Giebel, Nomenc. Av. i, 633. 



Peristera carolinensis, ScHL., M. P.-B. x, 1873, 142. 



Colamha marginata, Linn.. Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 286.— Gm., i, 1788, 791. — Wagl., Syst. Av. 

 1827 ; Isis, 1831, 519. 



Ectopistes marginata. Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 236, No. 9282. 



Ectopistes marginellus, Woodh., Pr. Phila. Acad. 18.52, 104 ; Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 93, pi. 5.— 

 Gray, Hand-list, No. 9283. 



Zenaidura marginellus, Bp., Consp. ii, 1854, 85. 



jHa6.— United States from Atlantic to Pacitic. Canada West {Mclluraith). Cuba. 

 South to Panama. 

 Lieutenant Warren's Expedition. — 4858, Cedar Island. 

 Later Expeditions. — 60465-66, 60770-71, Wyoming. 



Unlike the last, this species is of extensive if not universal distribu- 

 tion in the West, as in other parts of the United States. It is more 

 southerly, however, considering its whole range. It is not common iu 

 the Eastern States beyond Southern New England, and I note but a 

 single instance of its occurrence iu the British Provinces. The parallel 

 of 49° is probably about its normal northern limit. Mr. Trippe does not 

 include it among the birds of Minnesota. It is a regular migrant over 

 about the northern half of the United States, resident elsewhere. I 

 have found it alike abundant in all kinds of country I have visited — 

 even in the terrible alkaline deserts of the southwest, where its presence 

 is cheering evidence that water may be found not far off. Its nidifica- 

 tion varies greatly with circumstances, the nest being placed indiffer- 

 ently on the ground, bushes, or trees; and even, according to some 

 writers, on fences, stumps, &c. The eggs, two in number, and white, 

 as usual in this family, measure about 1^ by J. They are laid, accord- 

 ing to climate, from April throughout the summer. I have found it 

 nesting in various parts of both the Garolinas, there breeding chiefly 

 on tht ground, while in Arizona, where reptiles of the most venomous 

 character abound, the bird seeks safety for its eggs by placing the nest 



