394 TETRAO CANADENSIS VAE. PEANKLINI, 



BoNASA. Tail about as long as the wing, rounded, of eighteen broad feathers. Sides 

 of neck with tufts of very numerous, broad, soft feathers. No evident naked space on 

 the neck. Tars! bare below. 



Teteao. Tail rather shorter than the wing, square, or little rounded, of sixteen to 

 twenty broad feathers. No peculiar feathers on the neck, nor evident naked spaces. 

 Tarsi feathered to the toes. 



Lagopus. Characters as in Teirao, but the whole of the toes feathered. The species 

 turn white in winter. 



TETEAO CANADENSIS var. FEANKLINI, (Dougl.) Ooues. 



Franklin's Spruce Grouse. 



a. canadensis proper (Canada Grouse ; Spruce Grouse). 



Teirao canadensis, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 274 (based on Edw., Urogallus maculains can- 

 adensis, 118, pi. 118, g, and 71, pi. 71, 2 ; Bmss., Bonasia freci-hudsonis, i, p. 

 201).— Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 749.— Lath., lud. Orn. ii, 17S0, 637.— Forst., Phil. 

 Trans. Ixii, 1772, 389.- Sab., Frankl. Journ. 683.— V1E11.L., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. 



Nat. — , , — .— Bp., Syn. 1828, 127 ; Am. Orn. iii, 1830, pi. 21, fig. 1, 9 (not 



pi. 20, ^, which is vav. fravklini) ; Am. Phil. Trans, iii, 1830, 391 ; Comp. List, 

 1838, 44.— Sw. & Rich., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 346, pi. 62, 9 .— Nurr., Man. i, 1832, 

 667.— AuD., Orn. Biog. ii, 1834, 437 ; v, 1839, ."ies ; pi. 176; Syn. 1839,203; B. 

 Am. v, 1842, 83, pi. 294.— Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 622.— Codes, Pr. Phila. Acad, fefil, 

 226. — PuTN., Pr. Ess. Inst, i, 224 (Gloucester, Mass. ; in hemlock woods, Sept. 

 1851). — Yerr., ihid. iii, 1862, 153 (resident near Umbagog Lakes, Me.) — Ai.lex, 

 ibid, iv, 1864, 85.— McIlwr., ibid, v, 1666, 91.— CouES, ibid, v, 1868, 287.— Trippe, 

 ibid, vi, 1871, 118 (Minnesota, abundant, breeds). — Boardm., Pr. Bost. Soc. ix, 

 1862, 128 (Calais, Me. ; common, resident, breeds). — Dai.l & Banx., Tr. Chic. 

 Acad. 1869, 287 (Alaska).— Mayx., Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv, 1871, p. 27 (repaged).— 

 Mayx., Guide, 1870, 138 (Massachusetts).— Finsch, Abh. Nat. iii, 1872, 61 

 (Alaska).— CouBS, Key, 1872, 233. 



Canaee canadensis, Reich., Svst. Av. 1851, p. xxix. — Bp., Comptes Eendus, xlv, 1857, 

 428.— Elliot, Pr. A. N. S. 1864, 23; Monog. Tetr. pi. — .— B. B. & R., N. A. B. 

 iii, 1874, 416, pi. .59, f. 5, 6. 



Teirao canaee, LiXN., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 275 (based on Bortasia canadensis, Briss., Orn. i, 

 203, pi. 20, f. 1, 2). 



Spotted Grouse, Pexn., Arct. Zool. ii, 307. — Lath., Syn. iv, 735. 



Spruce Partridge, Wood Partridge„Swamp Partridge, Vulg. 



b. franlclini. 



(?) Tetrao fusca, Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. ii, 1815, 317 (based on Small Brown 

 Pheasant, Lewls & Clarke, Exp. ii, p. 182 , probably this species). 



Tetrao canadensis, var., Bp., Am. Orn. iii, 1830, plate xx, male. 



Tetrao franklini, DouGL., Linn. Trans, xvi, 1829, 139 (Mounts Hood, Saint Helen, and 

 Baker).— Sw. & Rich., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 348, pi. 6, 3 (sources of the Missouri 

 to those of the Mackenzie).— Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 623.— Coop. & Suck., N. H. 

 Wash. Ter. 1860, 220.— Coop., B. Cal. i, 1870, 529 (Rocky and Cascade Moant- 

 ains). — Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty. Inst, iv, 1863, 123. 



Canaee franklini, Elliot, Pr. A. N. S. 1864, 23; Monog. Tetraonidoi, pi. — . 



Tetrao canadensis var. franklini, CoUES, Key, 1872, 233. 



Canaee canadensis \nr.frunlUni, B. B. & R., N. A. B. iii, 1874, 419, pi. 59, f. 3. 



Hab. — Northern North America east of the Rocky Mountains. South somewhat be- 

 yond the northern border of the United States. Var. franlclini from the Northern 

 Rocky Mountains of the United States and northward ; also. Cascade Mountains. 



In consequence of its boreal and alpine distribution, the Canada 

 Grouse is apparently not so well or generally known as our other spe- 

 cies. The cock-bird may always be recognized by the following char- 

 acters: Tail of sixteen feathers, rounded, black, with a broad orange- 

 brown terminal bar. No obviously peculiar feathers on the side of tlie 

 ueck. Legs feathered to between the toes. The usual naked, colored 

 strip of skin over the eye. Prevailing color black, with numerous .sharp 

 white bars and spots on the under parts, and on the upper parts finely 

 waved with gray or tawny. Length, about 16 inches; wing, 7; tail, oj. 

 The female is nowhere continuously black, but much variegated with 



