FULIGULA MAEILA, SCAUP UTJCK. 573 



often and rapidly repeated. The call of the mother at such times is low, 

 soft, and prolonged, resembling the syllables jpe-ee, pe-ee. The watch- 

 note of the male, which resembles Jioe-egk, is never uttered by the female; 

 indeed, the male himself seldom uses it, unless alarmed by some uncom- 

 mon sound, or the sight of a distant enemy, or when intent on calling 

 passing birds of his own species." 



Subfamily Fuligulin.^: Sea Ducks. 



FULIGULA MAEILA, (Linn.) Steph. 



Greater Scaup Duck; Big Black-head; Blue-bill; Broad-bill; Staufflcri 



Anas marila, Linn., Svst. Nat. i, 1766, 196.— Gm., i, 1788, 599.— Lath., Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, 

 85;J.— Pall., Zoog. R.-A. ii, 1811, 248.— Temm., Man. Orn. 1815, 562.— Leach, 

 Cat. 1815, 39.— ViEiLL., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 1816, 127; Enc. Meth. i, 1823, 

 152.— LiCHT., Verz. 1823, 85.— Temm., Man. ii, 1835, 865 ; iv, 840, 545.— Schl., 

 Eev. Crit. 1844, 120.— Naum., V. D. xii, 1844, 84, pi. 311.— ?WiLS., Am. Orn. 

 viii, 1814, 84, pi. 69, f. 3 (ma,.v r.ather be the next species). 



FuUgula marila, Stbph., Gen Zool. xii, pt. ii, 1824, 198.— Bp., Syn. 1828, 392 : List, 1838, 

 58.— Sw. & Rich., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 453 (includes a#nis).— Nutt., Man. ii, 1834, 

 437 (iucludesa#»i8).— jElsr.,Man. 1835, 243.— Eyt., Mon. Anat. 1838, 156.— ViG., 

 Zool. Beecli.Voy. 1839, —.—Keys. & Blas., Wirb.Eur. 1840,87.— SELYS-L.,Fn. 

 Belg. 1842, 145.— Macgil., Man. ii, 1842, 188.— Aud., B. Am. vii, 1843, 355, pi. 

 498 (not of vi, 1843, 316, pi. 397, nor of bis earlier works).— GiR., B. L. I. 1844, 

 321.— DeKay, N. Y. Zool. ii, 1844, 323.— Gray, List B. Br. Mus. 1844, 143 ; Gen. 

 of B. iii, 1849, 621 ; List Br. B. 1863, 199.— Degl., Orn. Eur. ii, 1849, 453.— Cass., 

 Orn. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1858, 343.— S>\-inh., Ibis, 1860, 67 ; 186.3, 324.— Reinh., 

 Ibis, iii, 1861, 13.— Jerd., B. India, iii, 1864, 814.— Schl., Mns. P.-B. viii, 1865, 

 26.— Dbgl.-Gekbe, Orn. Eur. ii, 1867, 536.— CoOES, Key, 1872, 289. 



Jfyroca marila, Flem., Br. Anim. 122. 



Aythya marila, BoiE, Isis, 1822, 564.— Brehm, V. D. 912.— Bp., List B. Eur. 1842. 



Fulix marila, Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 791. — Bry., Pr. Bost. Soc. vii, 1859 (Bahamas). — Coop. 

 «fc Suck., N. H. Wash. Ter. 18G0, 258.— Ross, Canad. Nat. 1862.— Blak., Ibis, 



1863, 147.— Dress., Ibis, 1866, 43.— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 426.— Dall & Bann., Tr. 

 Chic. Acad, i, 1869, 298.— Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii, 1872, 183 (Kansas and 

 Utah).- Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 11. 



Anasfrenata, Sparrm., Mus. Carls. 1786, pi. 38. 

 Marila frenaia, Bp., Comptes Rendus, xlii, 1856, 

 FuUgula gesneri, Eyt., Cat. Br. Birds, 58. — Jard., Br. Birds, iv, 138, pi. 5. 



Sab. — The whole of North America. Greenland. Europe. Asia. 

 Not obtained by the Expeditions. 



I frequently saw Black heads in Dakota and Montana, especially 

 during the migrations, but whether this species was with the succeeding 

 was not determined. It is abundant in summer in Alaska, where Mr. 

 Dall procured eggs, early in June, at the mouth of the Yukon. The nest 

 was "very rude, a mere excavation with a few sticks about it." 



FULIGULA AFFimS, Byton. 

 leaser Scaup Duck; little Black-head; Blue-bill; Broad-bill. 



"Anas marila, Forst., Phil. Trans. Ixii, 1772, No. 44." 



Fuligala marila, Aud., Orn. Biog. iii, 1835, 226: v, 1839, 614; pi. 229; Syn. 1839, 286; 



B. Am. vi, 1843, 316, pi. 397. 

 FuUgula affinis, Eyt., Monog. Anat. 1838, 157.— GossE, B. Jam. 1847, p. — . — Turnb., B. 



B. E. Pa. 1869, 36.-COUES, Key, 1872, 289. 

 Marila affinis, Bp., Comptes Rendus, xlii, 1856. 

 Fulix affinis, Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 791.— ScL., Ibis, i, 1859, 231 (Guatemala).— Lawr., Ann. 



Lye. ix, 1869, 143 (Costa Rica); 210(yucatan).— Dress., Ibis, 1866, 43(Texas).— 



Salv., p. Z. S. 1870, 219 (Veragua).— Newt., ibid. 1867, 167 (egg).— Dall & 



Bann., Tr. Chic. Acad, i, 1869, 298 (Yukon, breeding).— Wheat., Ohio Agrio. 



Rep. 1860, No. 250.— CouES & Prent., Smiths. Rep. 1881, 417.- Boardm., Pr. 



Bost. Soc. iv, 1862, 129.— Vbrr., Pr. Ess. Inst, iii, 1862, 159.— Allen, ibid, iv, 



1864, 88.— CouES, ibid, v, 1868, 299.— McIlwr., ibid, v, 1866, — .— CouES, Pr. 



