576 BUCEPHALA CLANGULA, GOLDEN-EYE. 



forehead. These distinctions of form hold with the females, though 

 less evident in that sex. In the Canvas-back, moreover, the back has 

 much more light than dark color, instead of an equal amount or less, 

 the fine black lines being very narrow and mostly broken up into minute 

 dots. 



The Canvas-back does not appear to nest anywhere in the Eastern 

 States, but does so in the West. I found younglings, unable to fly, in 

 July, on Turtle Mountains, latitude 49°, and others attest its breeding 

 in the Rocky Mountains even further south, and in Upper California. 

 Dr. Newberry states : "During the summer we found them more numer- 

 ous than any other Ducks in the lakes and streams of the Cascade 

 Mountains. In those solitudes they nest and rear their young, as we 

 frequently saw broods there, though the period of incubation had 

 passed." " The breeding range extends from these regions very far 

 North; Mr. Dall found Canvas-backs breeding in abundance on the 

 Yukon. In most of the Missouri region, the Canvas-back is not so com- 

 mon as the Eed-head ; still it is found throughout, in suitable places. 



^ ^BUCEPHALA CLANGULA, (Linn.) Coues. 

 Golden-eye; Whlstle-wlng ; Garrot. 



ulnas eZanjaZd, LiNX., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 201.— Scop., Bemerk. 1770, 64.— Foest. , Phil. 

 Trans. Ixii, 1772, 365, 417.— Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 523.— Lath., Ind. Orn. ii, 

 1790, 867.— III., Prod. 1811, 276.— WiLS., Am. Orn. viii, 1814, 62, pi. 67, f. 6.— 

 Temji., Man. 1815, 566.— Leach, Cat. 1816, 37.— Vieell., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist Nat. 

 V, 1816, 117 ; Enc. Meth. i, 1823, 138.— Dough., Cab. N. H. i, 1830, 110, pi. 10.— 

 TEMjr., Man. ii, 1835, 870; iv, 1840, 555.— Naum., V. D. xii, 1844, 162, pi. 316.— 

 Schl., Rev. Crit. 1844, 118 ; M. P.-B. viii, 1865, 20.— Swinh., Ibis, 1863, 324. 



Clangula clangula, BoiE, Isis, 1822, 564. 



Glaucion clangula, Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 53.— Keys. & Blas., Wirb. 1840, 86. 



Fuligula clangula, Bp., S.yu. 1828, 393.— Nutt., Man. ii, 1834, 441.— AuD., Orn. Biog. iv, 

 1838, 318, pi. 342; Syn. 1839, 292; B. A. vi, 1843, 362, pi. 406 (includes isZan^ 

 tco).- GiR., B. L. I. 1844, 334.— Degl., Orn. Eur. ii, 1849, 443.— Maxim., J. f. 0. 

 vii, 1859, 178.— TuKNB., B. E. Pa. 1889, 86.— Finsch, Abh. Nat. iii, 1872, 66. 



Bucephala clangula, CouE's, Key, 1872, 290. 



Anas glaucion, Link., Syst. Nat. i, 1766, 201.— Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 525.— Lath., Ind. 

 Orn. ii, 1790, 868. 



Clangula glaucion, Bp., List, 1838, 58. — Gray, List B. Br. Mus. 1844, 140 ; Gen. of B. iii, 

 1849, 622 ; List Br. B. 1863, 202 ; Hand-list, No. — . 



Anas peregrina, S. G. Gmelln'. {Gray.) 



Anas hyemalis. Pall., Zoog. R.-A. ii, 1811, 270. 



Clangula vulgaris, Fleji., Br. An. 120. — Sw. & EiCH., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 456.— Sw., Classif. 

 B. ii, 1837, 369.— Eyt., Mon. Anat. 1838. 



Clangula chrysophfhalmus, Steph., G. Z. xii, pt. ii, 1824, 182, pi. 56. — Jen., Man. 1835, 

 246.— Macgil., Man. Orn. ii, 1842, 183. 



Clangula americana, Bp., List, 1838, 58 ; Compt. Eend. 1856. — ^Eyt., Mon. Anat. 1838. — 

 Gray, Gen. of B. iii, 1849, 622.— Newb., P. E. R. Rep. vi, 1857, 104. 



Bucephala americana, Bd., B. N. A. 1858, 796.— Coop. & Suck., N. H. Wash. Ter. 1860, 

 259.— Ross, Canad. Nat. Apr. 1862.— Verr., Pr. Ess. Inst, iii, 1862, 153.— Coues, 

 iUd. V, 1868, 200.— Blak., Ibis, 1862, 10 ; 1863, 148.— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 426. 



Clangula leucomelas, peregrina, glaucion, Brehm, V. D. 927, 929, 929. 



Bat. — All of North America. Cuba. Europe. 

 Not obtained by any of the Expeditions. 



I have not myself observed the Golden-eye in any portion of the Mis- 

 souri region, nor was it brought in by any of the Expeditions ; and we 

 may conclude that it is rare in this part of the country, where its little 

 congener, the B. albeola, is very common. This Duck is only known to 

 breed far to the North. Mr. Dall records its early arrival on the Yukon 

 in the beginning of May ; it is common there, and the eggs were ob- 

 tained from the Pastolik Marshes. 



