626 LARUS ARGENT ATUS, HERRING GULL. 



Larus argentatus, Bp., Syn. 1828, 360, No. 300.— Nutt., Man. ii, 1834, 304.— Aud., Oro. 

 Biog. iii, 1835, 588 ; v, 1839, 638 ; pi. — ; Syu. 1839, 3-i8 ; B. Am. vii, 1844, 163, 

 pi. 448.— DeKay, N. Y Zool. ii, 1844, 306, pi. 122, f. 270 ; pi. 129, fig. 284 ; pi. 

 130, fig. 286.— Giu., B. L. 1. 1844,— .—Cab., J. f. O.v, 236 (Cuba).— Lawu., B. N. 

 A. 185H, 844; Aun. Lyo. vii, 275.— Reinh., Ibis, iii, 1861, 37 (Greenland, rare).- 

 CouES, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861.245.— Bry., Pr. Bost. Soc. viii, 1861, 72.— Wheat., 

 Ohio Agric. Rep. 1860, No. 266.— Boaedm., Pr. Bost. Soc. ix, 1862, 131.— Verr., 

 Pr. Ess. Inst, iii, 1862, 154.— Tursb., B. E. Pa. 1869, 38.— Dali. & Baxn., Tr. 

 Chic. Acad, i, lb69, 305.— Sci,. & Saj.v., P. Z. S. 1871, 576.— Codes, Key, 1872, 312. 



(?) Larus americanus, Brhem, V. D. 1831, 743 (= argentatoides, Br.). 



(?) Larus aflnis, Reinh., Vid. Med. 1853, 78 ; J. f. O. 1854, 433 ; Ibis, iii, 17 (Greenland). 



Larus smithsonianus, Cooes, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1862, 296.— Coues & Prent., Smiths. Rep. 

 1861, 418.— Alles, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv, 1864, 80.— Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii, 1866, 

 299.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst, v, 1868, 306.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 39.— 

 GUNDL., Kep. Fn. Nat. i, 391 (Cuba). 



Larus argentatus var. smitlisonianns, Coues, Check-list, 1874, 103, No. 547''.— Ridgw., 

 Ann. Lye. N. Y. x, 1874, 391 (Illinois). 



c. occiflentalis. 

 Larus occidentalis, AuD., Orn. Biog. v, 1839, 320 ; Syn. 1839, 328; B. Am. vii, 1844, 161.— 



Lawr., B. N. A. 1858, 845.— Heerm., P. E. E. Rep. x, 1859, pt. vi, 73.— Coop. & 



Suck., N. H. Wash. Ter. 1860, 271.— Elltot, B. N. A. ii, pi. 52.— Coues, Pr. A. N. 



S. 1862, 296.— SCHL., Mus. P.-B. iv, .1863, Lari, p. 15.— (?) Swinh., P. Z. S. 1863, 



326 (China).— Blas., J. f. 0. 1865, 379. 

 Glaucus oeeidentalis, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, 101. 



Laroides occidentalis, Bruch, J. f. O. 1855, 282. — Bp., Consp. ii, 1856, 219. 

 Larus argentatus var, occidentalis, Coues, Key, 1872, 312. 



d. borealis. 

 Larus iorealis, Brandt.— Dall & Bann., Tr. Chic. Acad, i, 1869, 305.— Bd., ibid. 324. 

 Laroides liorealis, Bp., Consp. Av. ii, 1856, 219. 

 {^) Larus cacMnnans, PALL.,Zoog. R.-A. ii, 1811, 318. 



(1) Larus argentatus, MiDD., Sib. Reise, ii, 242. — Radde, Reisen, ii, 1863, 383. 

 (?) Larus argentatus var. Cuchinnans, Schrenk, Reise, i, 504. 



e (?). leucophcBus. 



Larus argentatus, Bp., Ic. Fn. Ital. Ucc. 1832-41, p. — . — Cara, Omit. Sard. 1842, 172 

 (Sardinia).— Costa, Fu. Napoli, Ucc. 1857, 73. — Heugl., Syst. Uebers. 1855, 

 69.— ScHL., Mus. P.-B. iv, 1863, Lan, p. 17 (partim).— Blas., J. f. O. 1865, 380 

 (partim).- Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, 1873, 299; Stray Feathers, 1873, 270 

 (Kashmir and Scinde). 

 Laroides argentattts, Bp., Cat. Met. Ucc. 1842, 79 (partim). 

 Larus cacMnnans, '■ Paix." — MunLE, Orn. Griech. 1842, 143 (Greece ; nee Pall.) — Meves, 



Ofv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1871, 786 (Cholmogory). 

 Glaucus leucophceun, (" Licht.")— Bruch., J. f. 0. 1853, 101 (Red Sea). 

 Larus leucopltaus, iiicwi., Norn. Av. Mus. Berol. 1853, 99 (Arabia ; descr. nulla). — Bp., 

 R. M. Z. 1855, 16.— Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Sardegna, 1864, 129.— Finsch & Hartl., 

 Vog. 0st.-Afr. 1870, 818.— Dress., B. Eur. pt. — , pi. — . 

 Laroides leucoplimus, Bp., Naum. 1854, 212; C. Rend, xlii, 1856, 644; Consp. ii, 1856,219. 

 Glaucus michahellesii, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, 101. 

 Larus michahellemi, Bp., R. M. Z. 1855, 16. 



Laroides michahellesii, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1855, 282. — Bp., Compt. Rend, xlii, 1856, 644 ; Consp. 

 ii, 1856, 219. 

 Note. — The foregoing synonymy includes the severaJl races of this species I con- 

 sider it necessary to adopt. I bring L. leucophwus into this connection with some hesi- 

 tation, but I do not observe any ascribed characters which may not be accounted for 

 npon a supposition of merely varietal distinction. As, however, I have had no oppor- 

 tunity of studying this supposed species satisfactorily, my present view must be 

 regarded as tentative. Most of its synonymy is adapted from Mr. Dresser's work, as 

 prepared by Lord Walden. Without furtlier reference to this form or to typical argen- 

 tatus of Europe, I proceed to consider the North American representative : 



Var. SMITHSONIANUS, Coues. 



DiAG. L. argentato vera simUlimtis, sed major, alis cauddque longionbus, rostro pedibusgue 

 validioribtts, remige primo scepius macula alba subapicali, rarius late albo-terminato. Long. 

 iio.OOpoll. ala, 18.C0; rostr. 2.25; tars. 2.50. 



Hab. — North America, generally ; especially along the Atlantic coast. Cnba to La- 

 brador; breeding from New England northward. Alsj in the interior, and occasion- 

 ally on the Pacific coast. 



