648 LAEUS EBUENEUS, IVOEY GULL. 



is to snoh a coiiditiou of the hallux as I have described nnder R. hotzebui that such 

 expression properly applies. 



Synonymy. — I might discourse at great length on this subject, but it would scarcely 

 be profitable ; and I -will therefore confine myself to the more definite among the many 

 things that might be said. In the first place, I throw Larus niveita Pallas entirely out 

 of the present consideration (see elsewhere in this memoir, and also my discussion of 

 the point in Pr. A. N. S. Phila. 1862, p. 307). Nevertheless other writers have come to 

 different conclusions, and taking up the name, give us Bissa nivca for the bird, as shown 

 in the above synonymy. But Bruch's Bissa nivca of 1855 is, 1 take it, from his descrip- 

 tion, rather B. Tiotzebui than this species. Bissa Tirevirostris of Brandt (whose original 

 notice I have not seen) is, by both Bruch and Bonaparte, located here ; I presume that 

 there is no reasonable doubt on this score. Bruch's brevirostris is certainly this species. 

 Lawrence's brevirostris is mixed; his expression, feet "coral-red," brings it here ; the 

 rest of his brief diagnosis carries it elsewhere; but I have no doubt be meant this 

 species rather than kotzebui. 



This is Larus brachyrliynchus Gould, above quoted, just as described and figured by 

 him. It is to be carefully distinguished from Larus bracJiyrhynchus Eichardson, which 

 is simply the American form of caniis. 



Some authors have here located Larus citrirostris, Schimper (see, however, Blasius, 

 J. f. O. 1866, 73). 



Subgenus Pagophila, Kaup. 



< Garia, BoiE, Isis, 1822, 563. 



= PaaopluJa, ILiDP, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 182[», 69. 



= CL-tusj)uructes, Macgilliveay, Man. Br. Orn. ii, 1842, 251 (by err. Calosparactes, Gray). 



Gen. char. Bill very short, much less than the head, about equal to the greatly 

 abbreviated tarsus, very stout, but little compressed. Nasal sinus deep, the nostrils 

 placed far forward. Legs and feet very short and stout, the scales of the tarsus and 

 toes large and rough. Tibia feathered to near the joint; tarsus about equal to the 

 middle toe without the claw ; claws all large, stout, and much curved. Interdigital 

 webs narrow and deeply incised. "Wings very long, the j>rimaries more or less falcate 

 and attenuated. Size moderate ; general form stout ; color entirely white. 



Payopbila differs from other Larinai in it.s short, stout, obtuse bill ; much abbreviated, 

 very stout and roughened tarsus and toes ; feathered tibia, deeply excised webs, &c. • 

 and constitutes one of the better-marked subgenera of the subfamily. The habits of 

 the species composing the genus also differ notably from those of other Gulls, as 

 attested by all observers. 



Cctosparactes of Macgillivray (1842), based upon the Larus eburneus, is antedated by 

 Payopldla of Kaup (1829) with the same type. Gaviu, applied by Boie to this group, 

 was first used by Moehring in a different connection. 



LARUS (PAGOPHILA) EBUENEUS, Gm. 



iTory Gull. 



Larus eburneus, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 596.— Lath., Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, 816.— Temm Man 

 1815, 498 ; ii, 1820, 769.— Vieill., Nouv. Diet. 1818, 494 ; Fn. Fran?,. 1828, 369.— 

 NiLSS., Orn. Suec. ii, 1823, 171.— Steph., Gen. Zool. xiii, 195.— Less., Tr Orn 

 1831, 61.S.— Bp., Syn. 1.-28, No. 297.— Nutt., Man. ii, 1834, 301.— Jen., Man 1835 

 276.- AUD., Orn. Biog. iii, 1.-^35, 571 ; Syn. 1839, 326; B. Am. vii, 1S44, 150 tl' 

 445.— Keys. At Beas., Wirb. 1840, 96.— Nausi., V. D. x, 1840, 341 pi 263 — Schl 

 Eev. Grit. 1844, 126 ; Mus. P.-B. iv, 1863, Lari, p. 5.— Codes, Key, 1R72 313 '' 



Gavia eburnea, BoiE, Isis, 1822, 563.— Bkeh.m, V. D. 1831, 765.— Bp., List 183-' 62 



Pagophila eburnea, Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829. 69.— Gray, Gen. of B 'iii 184'» 

 655 ; List Br. B.- 1863, 237.— Lawu., B. N. A. 1858, 836.— Bp., Consp. ii l.-^5(V 

 230; Compt. Rend. 1856, 771.— Newt., P. Z. S. 18G1, 400 (eggs): Ibis 1865' 

 507.— COTTES, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1862, 308.— Malmg,, J. f. O. 1§S5 200 —Bias 

 J. f. 0. 1865, 384. ' ' 



Cffosparactes eburneus, Macgil., Man. ii, 1842, 252 ; Hist. Br. B. v 



Larus alius, Sch^eff., Mus. Orn. 1779, 65, pi. 42. ' j • 



Lams cniididus, Faer., Fn. Groenl. 1780. — Flem., Br. An. 142. 



Larus nivews. Mart., Spitzb. 77, pi. 4, f. A. (nee auct.}. 



Garia itivea, Brbhm, V. D. 1831, 766, pi. 38, f. 1. 



Payopkila nivea, Bp., Consp. Av. ii, 1856, 230 ; Compt. Eend. 1856 771. 



Larus braehytarsus, IIolb., Fn. Groenl. 1846, 52. ' 



Pagophila b>-achyiarsu8, Bmrcu, J. f. O. 1855, 287.— La w-r,, B.N A 18.58 a5fi_rnrrs 

 Pr. Phila. Acad. 1862, 309. -->-, ooo. uoies. 



