AND TYPES OF ICGaS. 31 



Tits, {Zosterops, Sylviparus, Cephaloppms, Egilhaliscus, Lopho- 

 phanes, Parus, Macklolophus, Melaniparus, Melanochlora). — Ave as a rule 

 confined to the Himalayas. One [Zosterops palpebrosus) is found through- 

 out India as a permanent resident. One {Parus cinereus) is found 

 in all wooded hills. Another {Parus nuchalis) is only found in 

 central and south India. Another ( Machlolophus jerdoni) is only found 

 in the hillg of south India. All the rest are confined to the Himalayas, 

 and a great number of them are found in the eastern Himalayas 

 only. They are not as a rule migratory, and are by no means shy, 

 often associating in small flocks. The nest and eggs of Zosterops pal- 

 pebrosus are quite aberrant (the eggs are pale unspotted blue) . The 

 nest of Sylviparus is unknown. So also are those of Melaniparus and 

 Melanochlora, The nest of JEgithaliscus is like that of the bottle tits 

 in England, while all the others are typically "parine" in their 

 nidification, building in holes, in walls, or decayed trees, and laying 

 spotted eggs. 



Hedge sparrows, {Accentor) . — There are several kinds of hedge 

 sparrows found in the upper regions of the Himalayas ; but nowhere 

 else in India. They are not migratory, and their nests and eggs as far 

 as is known are similar to those of the hedge sparrow in England. 



Ravens ailld crows, (Corms). — Ravens are found only in the 

 Himalayas and western continental India. They frequent open country, 

 and do not appear to be entirely migratory, though they wander far in 

 the cold weather. Crows are found all over India. Their nests and eggs 

 are all of one general type, which is well known. 



Jackdaws, {CoIcbus). — One species, the common jackdaw (C. 

 monedula) is found in the north-west Himalayas, where it is a perma- 

 nent resident. Its habits are well known. It migrates to the Punjab 

 in the winter, but does not breed there. 



Nutcrackers, {Nudfraga). — Are confined to the Himalayas, 

 chiefly the western Himalayas. They keep to rather high elevations, 

 frequent pine forests, and in habits closely resemble jays and magpies. 

 They are not migratory. 



Magpies, {Pica). — Two species occur in the alpine Himalayas, 

 where they are permanent residents. Their habits are identical with 

 those of the English magpie. 



Jays, {Garrulus, Urocissa, Cissa). — Are found only in the Hima- 

 layas within the Indian limit. They keep to open forests, are not migra- 



