46 MILK SUPPLY 
were still clinging to the custom of buying milk by the quart, 
using the vardstick for remnant cans. Other factories paid a 
stated price per hundred weight for all milk testing say 4 per 
cent fat and over and made corresponding reductions for milk 
containing less than 4 per cent fat. Still others paid a premium 
for milk testing above 4 per cent fat. A few concerns only 
bought milk on the straight butterfat basis. 
As far as the condensery is concerned it is entirely feasible 
to pay for all milk strictly on the butterfat basis. Milk rich in 
fat, and therefore rich in solids, vields more condensed milk than 
milk poor in fat. “lo pay by the hundred weight, regardless of 
quality is a practice which discriminates in favor of breeds of 
low-testing milk and against breeds of high-testing milk. This 
practice has, in fact, had the result that in the milk supply ter- 
ritory of these condenscries the breeds and individuals of cows 
producing low-testing milk were encouraged and developed until 
they largely predominated, at the expense of breeds of cows pro- 
ducing high-testing milk. This situation in turn was responsible 
for the popular, though erroneous impression, that milk from the 
ITolstein, Ayrshire and Brown Swiss breeds is better suited for 
milk condensing purposes than milk from the Channel Island 
breeds. 
Within the last half decade, during which the condensed 
milk industry has experienced so great a development, the great 
majority of American condenseries have abandoned their old 
way of paying for milk by volume, or weight only. Many con- 
densing concerns are now buying their milk on the straight but- 
terfat basis and nearly all of the other condensertes pay for their 
milk on the basis of a standard fat content, penalizing the farmer 
by lower prices for milk that falls below a specified per cent 
of fat, and giving him a bonus for milk in which the per cent 
of fat is over the standard figure specified. ‘Thus for example 
the price quoted may apply to 100 Ibs. of 3.5 per cent milk with 
an added differential of say 4 cents for each one tenth per cent 
fat above 3.5 per cent and a deducted difierential of 4+ cents for 
each tenth per cent fat below 3.5 per cent. 
Tn countries where one breed overwhelmingly predominates 
or where the predominating breeds all yield milk of similar rich- 
ness and where the freshening of the majority of cows is fairly 
