200 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 
land. At first the bulk of the influx consisted of sweetened com 
densed milk, but later evaporated milk also arrived in increas- 
ingly large quantities, causing havoc in our domestic markets, 
and an almost unprecedented depression in the industry in the 
Fall of 1914. At the same time, the exports further decreased 
and ceased almost entirely. 
In 1915 the food shortage in the allied countries and their 
need of condensed milk for their armies and navies began to 
counteract the effect of the removal of the protective tariff. 
Imports decreased while large and repeated contracts for exports 
to the Allies brought about an unprecedented growth of our 
export trade of condensed milk at attractive prices. Our exports 
were further increased by the fact that the war deprived non- 
combatant countries in South America, Asia and Africa of their 
usual imports of this commodity from the then warring coun- 
tries, opening up the world markets to the United States. 
The exports continued to increase after the armistice was 
declared, the volume exported being limited largely only by the 
shortage of transatlantic transportation facilities. After the first 
six months of 1919 the increasingly unfavorable rate of exchange 
of foreign moneys commenced to make itself felt and since then 
there has been a steady decline in exports. Early in 1920 iso- 
lated shipments of condensed milk began to arrive in this coun- 
try, foreign manufacturers being attracted by and taking advan- 
tage of the high exchange value of the American dollar, our high 
domestic prices and the absence of tariff on condensed milk 
imported into the United States. 
CuapteR NIX, 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND STANDARDS OF 
CONDENSED MILK. 
Sweetened Condensed Milk.--Sweetened condensed milk 
contains all the constituents of fresh milk and considerable but 
varying quantities of sucrose. Its composition, therefore, de- 
pends on such factors as: composition of the fresh milk from 
which it is made; the degree of condensation and per cent. of 
cane sugar added. As all of these factors vary in milk from 
different localities, and in milk of the same factory at different 
