the well-developed panniculus carnosus like that of the horse, it 

 protects from the teeth of mammalian foes, and from insect 

 enemies, so that the gadfly has to content herself -tvith the tusks 

 on which to deposit her eggs. The owner of the tame elephant 

 will regret this large development of panniculus, when he finds 

 his fully loaded or overladen animal at once free himself from 

 encumbrances by making energetic use of the cutaneous muscle. 



Thus, though the elephant is rodent-like, whale-like, man-like, 

 and owl-like, it is so only in adaptation to its conditions of life ; 

 to the same causes may be attributed its special resemblances to 

 the horse, ox, pig, and tapir. In the main it stands isolated as 

 a generalised ungulate, the closest relatives of which have long 

 ago succumbed to the greater energy and higher specialization of 

 the hoofed animals, which we find so well adapted to the present 

 state of our earth. 



We must now hastily summarise some facts with regard to the 

 HABITS OP WILD BLKPHANTS which have an important bearing upon 

 the questions of his management after domestication both .ip 

 health and under disease. Writers on sport and travel from 

 very early times give us pleasing, details of the qualities pf ele- 

 phants, most of them good and such as facilitate domestica-tion. 

 The social habit which leads them to go about in herds, fond- 

 ness for the offspring, courage in facing carnivorous animals, 

 and inoffensiveness are admitted to them by all observers, but 

 Sanderson informs us that the sagacity of the elephant has been 

 much over-rated, that whereas he, is very cultivable and obedient 

 : he is decidedly wanting in originality. Though his vices are few ; 

 and in obedience, gentleness, and patience he surpasses all other 

 domesticated animals ; still he, is " decidedly stupid." Hard as 

 this verdict may seem to us and contrary to what we haye been 

 led to believe few will find themselves in a position to dispute it. 

 ■Whether it be from stupidity or. from contempt of the devices.of 

 such a petty creature as man, or whether, as Tennent says, his 

 terror and inexperience render size and sagacity of no avail 

 ■against tho devices of hunters, the lordly beast is captured, very 

 ■frequently, and by various methods thus classified by Sanderson. 



I. Capture of single elephants : — (1) By pitfall, the oldpatiye 

 .methodinow prohibited ^s wasteful and, brutal. (2) By running 

 idownandjioosing by the.gjkd of tame, elephants. In this propess 



