XX. 



the wear and tear of tame animals is great and they are goaded 

 unmercifully by blows with a spiked mallet. (3) By handnoosing ; 

 men on foot securing the hind legs ; this is practised in Ceylon. 



II. Capture of herds of elephants.— (4^) By enclosing in a salt 

 lick or in a pool in the jungle, this is reckless waste. (5) {Govern- 

 ment plan) By surrounding a herd, wherever found, with a circle 

 of men and building a stockade (Korahl or Keddah) into which 

 the herd is driven. 



III. Large solitary elephants are captured by means of trained 

 females, but these, though called so, are not true " decoys" but 

 entirely at the command of their riders. 



These solitary elephants, termed " Ooondahs" or " Rogues," are 

 most sought after by the hunters, they being the males expelled 

 from the herd by some more powerful animal and therefore the 

 more disposed to yield to the blandishments of females, though 

 morose in the extreme and dangerous to approach. Sir S. Raffles 

 speaking of Ceylon says " the natives fancy that there are two 

 kinds of elephants — the Gaja Verlcampong, those which always STO 

 in herds and which are seldom mischievous, and the Gaga salung- 

 gal, or single elephants, which are much larger and ferocious, 

 going about either singly or only two or three in a company." 

 Johnstone, in his " Notes on Elephants" read before the Asiatic 

 Society, says herds average 20 — 25 ; in Ceylon 6 — 12 ; in Sumatra 

 and Borneo, 12 — 18 ; in the Nepaul terai, Nilgiris, and Southern 

 Ghauts, 25 to 35 ; in Malayala, Cochin-China, and Cambodia, 

 40 — 50 ; one herd seen in Siam must have numbered 500 at least. 

 Herds of elephants (which are families, their members presenting 

 family traits) vary much in size, sometimes consisting of even 100 

 individuals but generally more or less broken up. They make 

 their way through otherwise trackless forests — preceded by a 

 female, generally the largest, and following mostly in Indian file. 

 When tleeing from danger the female assiduously keeps the 

 young in front of her. Herds which have been broken up re-collect, 

 and if one herd has been disturbed even others will leave the place 

 (Young Shikarry). The conformation and great weight of the 

 animal specially adapt him for thus making a track through the 

 jungle. The Bull ranibles much more than the cows, but he 

 always keeps the herd within reach, and ^vill often nobly cover 

 the retreat of his cows. After elephants have been disturbed 



