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grain or be supplied with grain in the straw, and, as they are sneb 

 slow feeders, to be never without fodder before them while stand- 

 ing at their pickets daring the day. They can also get a little in 

 the internals of their work. The slow feeding of the animal gives 

 time for the first food taken in to pass fully digested from the 

 stomach iato the bowels and thus before midnight the elephant 

 will bo in that comfortable state of repletion which is conducive 

 to repose. 



Sleep is particularly essential although but a small amount is 

 required to keep an animal in working order. Practical observers 

 say that four hours regular and undisturbed sleep is necessary 

 and sufficient, and that if elephants sleep longer than this it is a 

 sign of disorder and of the necessity for enough rest, and provi- 

 sion must be made to secui'e this, especially on the march, by 

 proper camp arrangements. There should be strict silence in the 

 filkhana after 9-30 p.m. as "by that time most of the elephants will 

 have filled themselves and will lie down and sleep (Hood). 

 Ouchterlony particularly impresses on us that the head should be 

 up hill when the animal lies down in camp for otherwise he will 

 be unable to rise without the assistance of two or three other 

 elephants. He will become much distressed and must be given 

 a stimulant, then pushed on his side to rest himself, and finally 

 pushed on to his legs. In rising he elevates the forehand first, 

 and in lying he flexes the forelimb at the elbow and the hind- 

 limb at the stifle, the forefoot is bent inwards with the sole 

 turned towards the root of the trunk, which organ lies curled upon 

 the ground. Encamping on sloping ground will secure dryness 

 of the lines, which is most essential because rheumatism is fre- 

 quent in the elephant and also his feet are liable to disease as a 

 result of constant exposure to moistm-e. In permanent lines the 

 greatest care must be exercised to secure a proper outflow of 

 urine by surface drainage, the channels being paved to prevent 

 the formation of holes by a great bulk of fluid falling from a 

 height into them.* Topes (groves) are considered prejudicial 



* Filkhannah to bo on banks of a small stream with sandy bed of running 

 water, within easy distance of grazing jungles j shelter necessary for hot and 

 rainy weathei- — sheds should be built — they are cheap, if built at end of cold 

 weather when timber can be obtained for the trouble of cutting it. The 

 mahouts and coolies to provide a certain number of logs daily until the 

 number necessary has been obtained. Each elephant can easily bring in 

 (with his chan-a) 2 logs (15 ft. X 20 ft. 9 in.) to be tied on either side of the 



