23 



much, tlio pulse and general condition of tho patient mil bo our 

 guide. 



Wouiuls of Bloodvessels are to be treated on ordinary sai<- 

 gical principles, such as by pressure, ligature, and application 

 of Lot iron to stop the bleeding. In case of emergency con- 

 tinuous cold water affusions are the best means of restraining 

 bleeding, or it may bo necessary to pin up the wound; the 

 ha2morrhage is not likely to prove fatal although seriously 

 debilitating in some cases — an exception to this rule is au 

 injury to the T.vunk, complete severing of the extremity of 

 which organ leada to speedy death from bleeding, although 

 partial ablation has not the same serious effects {Vide a letter 

 by Mr. Sanderson recently published in the Enrjlislunan, and Sir 

 S.Baker's "Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia"). The arteries and 

 veins of the Trunk are large and run through channels in tho 

 organ, the main ones longitudinally and in loose areolar tis- 

 sue ; thus the organ seems somewhat erectile in its structure. 

 CHAPTER IV : ON THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM. 



The Li'ps are peculiar; the upper one is blended \vith the 

 nostrils to form that remarkable organ, the Trunk, whjch 

 at its base on either side below has a thin lip-like expansion. 

 The lower lip is pointed anteriorly being small and rudimentary, 

 forming a mucous channel above for the tongue, which is also 

 small in proportion to the size of the animal. Since tho trunk 

 introduces food with precision into the mouth the latter is not 

 large and its roof is quite smooth an4 free from the ridges 

 running from side to side such as are seen in the Horse and Ox. 

 The Teeth are 'of two kinds ; Tusks and Molars. 



The Tmhs are peculiarly modified incisors, and do not there- 

 fore represent the "Tushes" of the horse. They are simple 

 teeth, found only in the upper jaw, generally one on each side, 

 occasionally one only as an irregularity. Thoy ai-e often very 

 small in the male and are then called " Tushes" ; they are 

 ordinarily found in tho female of the African Elephant only (but 

 in the rudimentary form in all varieties) ; in tho extiucf ancestors 

 of tho Elephant they attained a maximum of size and curvature. 

 Thoyareembeddedinverydcepsocketsof tho premaxillaa (mainly),, 

 and have a single pulp cavity extending into each of thorn for 

 a considerable distance. This fact must be remembered in 



