•ZO 



Ouchterlony mentions them as useful for " tearing bai'k off trees, 

 digging from banks tlie peculiar clay of which cattle are very 

 foudj and prising down bamboos from clumps too thorny for use 

 of the trunk, and for detaching earth and roots from tufts of grass 

 and shrubs." Dragging ropes are sometimes attached to them. 

 Thus any injury to these useful organs is a senous detriment. Ifc 

 is interesting to observe that undoubted ova are sometimes found 

 deposited on the roots of the tnahs of young wild elephants, within 

 easy reach of the tongue, protected from accidentia! removal by 

 the ivory having been indented from the action of the corrosive 

 fluid ejected by the female gad fly with and around them. This 

 is an interesting example of instinct in the adult fly causing it to 

 deposit the eggs in that place whence they are most likely to bo 

 conveyed into the stomach for development into larvae. Does 

 Tennent allude to this when he writes " Elephants are said to be 

 afflicted with toothache ; their tusks have likewise been found 

 with symptoms of internal perforation by some parasite, and 

 the natives assert that in their agony, these animals have been 

 known to break them oS short" and to pick caried molars with 

 a piece of wood ! 1 



The Molae oe Geinding Teeth of the elephant deviate in a 

 remarkable manner from those of most mammals. They are 

 enormous, very complex in structure, very firmly fixed in the 

 jaw, and special in their mode of replacement. Generally on 

 each side of each jaw two or three teeth may bo seen— the front 

 one is small, often loose, and is sometimes shed because the 

 growth of the second gradually cuts off its supply of nutriment 

 by compression of the fangs. This is a natural result of develop- 

 ment, but has been termed " Koochlee" by the mahouts. Tho 

 seconder main tooth consists of a number of subdivisions, com- 

 posed of dentine coated by enamel, arranged in a linear 'series 

 from before backwards. All those are embedded in an enormous 

 amount of cementum, layers of which are between each sub- 

 division and coating every part of the surface except tho 

 depressions for the pulp cavities and the table or grindin.r 

 surface of the tooth. When the organ comes well into wear the 

 table presents a series of enamel edges which vary in shape in 

 the African and Indian species— those of the former being 

 aa-ranged in diamond or lozcnge-shapcd figures, those of tho 



