u 



ments concisely deal with the questioUj which has been extensive- 

 ly discussed by sportsmen and naturalists, of how the brain may 

 best be reached. Gordon Gumming speaks of shooting elephant? 

 behind the shoulder close to the elbow, with a view of penetrat- 

 ing the heart, and there are some circumstances under which, 

 firing from above, the junction of the head with the spine might 

 be penetrated — the latter being a pretty sure way when it is 

 necessary to destroy a patient for incurable disorder or injury. 

 Occasionally wild elephants which have been much shot at are 

 found with their foreheads riddled with bullets the perforations 

 caused by which have partly filled up. In health the membrane 

 lining the sinuses is very thin and transparent but it is the fre- 

 quent seat of painful and severe disorder, Inflammation of the 

 LINING MEMBRANE OF THE Facial Sinuses, which may result either 

 from prolonged exposure to a powerful sun with the head unpro- 

 tected or from extension of inflammation in consequence of the 

 intimate vascular connection through the bones between the skin 

 on the forehead and this lining membrane. Gilchrist attributes 

 it especially to the exhibition of stimulating mussauls to elephants 

 worked in the sun, also to sudden cooling of the heat«d body 

 surface by means of water — undoubtedly also bullet wounds ad- 

 mitting cold air into these cavities, which naturally contain v/arm 

 air, may prove a cause. Symptoms of this disorder are obscure, 

 but when an elephant with a sore forehead becomes feverish, 

 dull, and even somewliat furious, we may surmise that extension 

 of inflammation has occurred, and accordingly apply cold water 

 over the head, bleed freely, and, if possible, administer a cathar- 

 tic dose. The patient must be secured and kept in a cool shady 

 place and very quiet. Such a diseased condition, once cured 

 would be very liable to recur ; probably many cases of so-called 

 " Sunstroke" are of this nature. 



Catarrh is of frequent occurrence and presents no special 

 features in the elephant. The conjunctiva is generally involved, 

 and watery fluid flows freely from it and the eye-lids are swollen. 

 There is generally some fever present. Treatment, mainly con- 

 sists in careful nursing and avoidance of exposure, and the 

 exhibitiou internally of stimulants and febrifuges. 



Sore Throat \_Mumps (Gilchrist)] seems to be rather fi-equent, 

 but varies much in severity. Thus there may be only swelling 



