PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, 81 
16. SHELL—Continued. 
b. Shells used for implements, &e.: 
(Painters’ mussel, (Unio pictorum,) used to hold colors.) 
(Shells of Placuna placenta, used in China as a substitute for 
window-glass.) 
Shells of Mercenaria violacea, Purpura lapillus, and Buccinum 
undatum, used by Indians of eastern coast in manufacture 
of money, with specimens of wampum, (with the modern 
wampum or shell-beads manufactured for the Indian trade,) 
and of the hyqua or Dentalium shells, employed in a similar 
manner by the Indians of the Pacific coast. 
Specimens of the cowry, (Cypraea moneta.) “Live cowry” 
and dead cowry, used in African trade and for trimmings. 
Shells of Cypraea, Rotella, Oliva, Turritella, Phasianella, 
(Venetian shells,) &c., mounted as buttons and jewelry. 
Composition shell-work for box-covers and frames, made by 
glueing shells in mosaics. 
Calcined shells, used by dentifrice and porcelain makers. 
(See, also, under 32.) 
Cuttle-fish bone from Sepia officinalis, used as a pounce, as a 
dentifrice, as polishing-powders, for taking fine impres- 
sions in counterfeiting, and as food for birds. (See, also, 
under D. 5.) 
Concretions from the stomach of Astacus, known as “ crab’s- 
eyes” and “ crab-stones,” and used as antacids. 
Shell “of king-crab, (Limulus polyphemus,) used as a boat- 
bailer. . 
Opercula of mollusks, used as “ eye-stones.” 
17. CORAL, 
a, Coral as a material : : 
Red coral, (Corallium nobilis,) with specimens of the five 
commercial grades (1, froth of blood; 2, flower of blood ; 
3, 4, 5, blood of first, second, and third qualities) of the 
white variety, and of the round beads, negligée beads, 
bracelets, pins, coronets, armlets, and earrings, &c. 
White coral, Oculina, sp., used by jewelers. 
Madrepores and other showy corals, used for ornamental 
purposes. 
Horny axis of black flexible coral, (Plexaura crassa,) used for 
canes and whips in the Bermudas. 
