12 
portation, nor take any dignified business standing with the deal- 
er to whom he sells his produce. There are but two ways in 
which business can be conducted on a scale commensurate with 
the demands of modern trade, namely, by corporations and by 
co-operative associations of individuals. 
The lines of agricultural work in which co-operation has been 
successfully established among farmers include almost every pos- 
sible kind of agriculture, and almost every operation more or 
less connected with the farm. We may mention, by way of illus- 
tration, co-operative creameries, cheese factories, syrup mills, 
potato growers, fruit growers, hay growers, cotton planters, grain 
elevators, egg producers, poultry producers, bacon factories and 
similar associations among all other lines of agriculture. 
The various attempts which have thus far been made in put- 
ting co-operative associations among the farmers on a successful 
business basis, have not always been attended with success. In 
fact, failure has come as frequently as success from these ven- 
tures. The essential conditions of success are: first, a mutual 
confidence among the individuals who enter into the co-operative 
association ; second, the selection of men with really clever busi- 
ness ideas for the management of the association; and third, the 
serious study of the demands of the market in order to be in a 
position to meet these demands in the quality of the materials pro- 
duced and in the method of packing. Perhaps the one factor 
which has caused more failures than any other in co-operative as- 
sociations among farmers, is the lack of confidence among them- 
selves. Farmers have been notoriously suspicious of one another 
and have been unwilling to trust the management of their co- 
operative associations to the members which they have themselves 
selected. As long as such mutual suspicions and lack of con- 
fidence prevail, the life of any co-operative organization is doomed 
within a short period. In Hawaii there are peculiar difficulties of 
this sort, due to the great variety of races with which we have 
to deal. To the mutual suspicions which are felt between mem- 
bers of the same race, we have the added suspicion and antagon- 
ism which is so often shown by one race toward another. For 
the present, at least, it must remain quite doubtful whether co- 
operative organizations can be successfully established and main- 
tained in which several races are involved. It may become neces- 
sary, at least temporarily, to attempt the formation of some sort 
of organization almost exclusively along the lines of race, and 
the nature of the crop produced. This would not furnish as 
many difficulties as might at first thought be supposed, for rice 
production is largely in the hands of the Chinese, corn and grapes 
largely in the hands of Portuguese, and taro and sweet potatoes 
