ASTACUS NOBILIS. 299 
Astacus torrentium appears to be particularly addicted 
to rapid highland streams and the turbid pools which 
they feed. 
Astacus nobilis is indigenous to France, Germany, and 
the Italian peninsula. It is said to be found at Nice 
and at Barcelona, though I cannot hear of it elsewhere 
in Spain. Its south-eastern limit appears to be the Lake 
of Zirknitz, in Carniola, not far from the famous caves of 
Adelsberg. Itis not known in Dalmatia, in Turkey, nor 
in Greece. In the Russian empire, according to Kessler, 
this crayfish chiefly inhabits the watershed of the Baltic. 
The northern limit of its distribution lies between Chris- 
tianstad, in the Gulf of Bothnia (62° 16’ N), and Serdobol, 
at the northern end of Lake Ladoga. “ Eastward of 
Lake Ladoga it is found in the Uslanka, a tributary of 
the Swir. It appears to be the only crayfish which exists 
in the waters which flow from the south into the Gulf of 
Finland and into the Baltic; except in those streams and 
lakes which have been artificially connected with the Volga, 
and in which it is partially replaced by A. leptodactylus.” 
It still inhabits the Lakes of Beresai and Bologoe, as 
well as the affluents of the Msta and the Wolchow; and 
it is met with in affluents of the Dnieper, as far as 
Mohilew. Astacus nobilis is also found in Denmark and 
Southern Sweden; but, in the latter country, its intro- 
duction appears to have been artificial. This crayfish 
is said occasionally to be met with on the Livonian coast 
in the waters of the Baltic, which, however, it must 
