2 PASTURE STUDIES: SOME RESULTS. 
Juncus spp., Carex spp., Luzula spp., Schoenus nigricans, and 
plants of a similar habit. 
2. A new turf-sampling mesh was introduced. 
In 1916, the 6in. x 6in. mesh previously used for taking 
specimen turves was partly replaced with a new mesh, r2in. x rin. 
This new mesh has since been used exclusively on pastures which 
are fairly well grazed, and on such it is quite satisfactory. Where 
the herbage is rank, the 6in. x 6in. mesh is still used. 
(b) Percentage Area.—This method was also originally used 
by Armstrong (1), but the present writer has found it effective 
and reliable only in the estimation of the area covered by herbs 
which are easily identified, and, in a pasture, grow quite near the 
ground. Only results obtained for Z+ifolium repens by this 
method will be referred to. 
(¢) Specific Frequency.—This is a qualitative method intro- 
duced by Stapledon (15) (17). It has been re-defined as “ the 
number of times a species (without regard to the number of plants 
of that species), occurs per 100 readings within the 6in. x 6in. 
mesh (18). This method is exceedingly useful for ascertaining 
the distribution of plants which are easily identified in pastures, 
but much less satisfactory in the case of grasses. The writer has 
used it mostly on young pastures for ascertaining the distribution 
of leguminous and other plants which are easily identified 27 stfu. 
AREAS EXAMINED. 
Up till quite recently, relatively little work had been done to 
ascertain to what extent and for how long, species whose seeds 
are commonly included in seeds-mixtures used for laying land 
down to pasture persist in such pastures. 
The present writer commenced his investigations along these 
lines in 1913 on land the history of which was well known to him. 
All the areas for which results are here given are situated on 
the farm of Budloy, near Maenclochog, Pembrokeshire.? This 
1 In some respects, these definitions resemble that adopted by Yapp, 
Johns and Jones (22). 
? A few results obtained elsewhere are given to illustrate certain points, 
