86 NORTH AMERICAN SHOREBIRDS. 
Paraguay (Sharpe) and Chile (Salvin), it is probable that these repre- 
sent casual occurrences and that regularly the species ranges to the 
Bermudas (Jardine), throughout the West Indies and the neighboring 
northern coast of Venezuela (Ernst), but not farther east or south 
on the Atlantic coast; while on the Pacific it regularly passes south 
to northwestern Peru (Sclater and Salvin) and the interior of Colom- 
bia and Medellin (Sclater and Salvin). The northern winter range 
extends regularly to North Carolina (Brimley), Tennessee (Gettys), 
central Texas (Brown), rarely southern Arizona (Mearns), and 
throughout most of the southern half of California (Fisher). Casual 
occurrences have been noted in Maryland (Stabler), Pennsylvania 
(Burns), and Rhode Island (Mearns). After the great storm of 
November, 1888, which carried large numbers of killdeer to the 
New England coast several weeks later than the usual time for 
their disappearance from that part of their range, many of these 
birds failed to undertake a second southward migration and remained 
on the coasts of Massachusetts (Torrey), New Hampshire (Chad- 
bourne), and southwestern Maine, (Brown). Most of them perished 
during the winter, but. on the Massachusetts coast a few managed 
to endure. An. occasional killdeer passes a mild winter in. southern 
Ohio (Jones), southern Indiana (McAtee), or on the Pacific coast to 
Washington (Johnson). - 4 
_ Spring migration. —The killdeer is among the susliegt Siptants 
among shorebirds, and is not far behind the earliest migrating, land 
birds. Its loud, piercing, oft-repeated calls make its identification 
easy, and many data have been accumulated concerning the time of 
its migrations. These begin in February i in the northern part of the 
winter range, and during that month many crowd northward to the 
limit of unfrozen ground. Such birds arrive on the average near 
Asheville, N. C., February 22, earliest February 18, 1893 (Cairns); 
central Kentucky, February 25, earliest February 19, 1906 (Embody); 
Brookville, Ind., February 23, earliest February 15, 1890 (Butler). 
The early days of March find the killdeer in full migration far beyond 
its winter home, and its arrival has been noted as follows: Variety 
Mills, Va., average March 13, earliest March 2, 1888 (Micklem); 
White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., average March 9, earliest March 2 
1891 (Surber); Washington, D. C., average March 18, earliest Feb- 
ruary 14, 1908 (Hollister); Waynesburg, Pa., average March 8, ear- 
liest February 24, 1891 (Jacobs); Berwyn, Pa., average March 14, 
earliest January 29, 1889 (Burns); Branchport, N. Y., average 
March 19, earliest March 1, 1890 (Burtch); Jewett City, Conn., 
average for twenty-one years March 17, earliest March 2, 1888 (Jen- 
nings); central Rhode Island, average March 19, earliest February 27, 
1902. Even as far north as Rhode Island, the killdeer is so rare 
that a market gunner near Newport (Sturtevant) secured only three 
during eight years while shooting several thousand shorebirds. 
