6 THE NATURALIST’S GUIDE. 
that of mistaking the young of certain well-known birds 
for a diiferent species from the adult, from not being ac- 
quainted with the immature stages. All birds should be 
‘taken that exhibit any unusual characters, such as unusu- 
ally large or small bills or feet; or change of plumage, such 
as very pale, or very bright, cases of albinism, etc. 
’ The gun used by a collector should have a small bore, 
not larger than No. 14, for shooting small birds ; for Ducks, 
and other large water-birds, one of larger calibre will be 
fuund more effectual. The best shot to use for small birds 
is “ Dust shot,” if it can be procured ; if not, No. 12 will 
answer. No. 8 will do for Ducks and large birds. For 
Hawks and Eagles, Ealy’s wire cartridges are the best. 
In shooting small birds, load as lightly as possible. Put 
in no more shot than is required to kill the bird. As you 
can approach very near most small birds, you will iimd, 
by experiment, that you can kill them with very little shot. 
If too much powder is used, it will impel the shot with 
so much force as to send it completely throngh the bird, 
thereby making two holes, when less powder, by causing 
less force, would have made only one, and the bird would 
have been killed just as effectually. When shot goes into 
the body of a bird, it generally carries feathers with it, and 
in a measure plugs the hole ; but when it is forced through 
and comes out, it often carries away a small patch of feath- 
ers and skin, leaving an open wound, from which the blood 
flows freely. ; 
If the bird is not instantly killed by shooting, the 
thumb and forefinger should be placed with a firm pres- 
sure on each side of its body under the wings, when it will 
soon die. This operation compresses the lungs and pre- 
vents the bird’s breathing. Besides mercifully ending its 
suffering, its death causes the flow of blood in a great 
measure to cease, for this reason ‘it should be killed as 
quickly as possible. 
