4 THE MINDS AND MANNERS 



this study will prove an endless succession of surprises and 

 delights. In behalf of the utmost tale of results, the inquirer 

 should summon to his aid his rules of evidence, his common 

 sense, his love of fair play, and the inexorable logic of his 

 youthfvd geometry. 



And now let us clear away a few weeds from the entrance 

 to our field, and reveal its cornerstones and boundary lines. 

 To a correct understanding of any subject a correct point of 

 view is absolutely essential. 



In a commonplace and desultory way man has been mildly 

 interested in the intelligence of animals for at least 30,000 

 years. The Cro-Magnons of that far time possessed real artis- 

 tic talent, and on the smooth stone walls and ceilings of the 

 caves of France they drew many wonderful pictures of mam- 

 moths, European bison, wild cattle, rhinoceroses and other 

 animals of their period. Ever since man took unto himself 

 certain tractable wild animals, and made perpetual thralls of 

 the horse, the dog, the cat, the cattle, sheep, goats and swine, 

 he has noted their intelligent ways. Ever since the first cave- 

 man began to hunt wild beasts and slay them with clubs and 

 stones, the two warring forces have been interested in each 

 other, but for about 25,000 years I think that the wild beasts 

 knew about as much of man's intelligence as men knew of 

 theirs. 



I leave to those who are interested in history the task of 

 revealing the date, or the period, when scholarly mea first 

 began to pay serious attention to the animal mind. 



In 189s when Mr. George J. Romanes, of London, pub- 

 lished his excellent work on "Animal Intelligence," on one of 

 its first pages he blithely brushed aside as of little account 

 all the observations, articles and papers on his subject that 

 had been published previous to that time. Now mark how 

 swiftly history can repeat itself, and also bring retribution. 



In 1910 there arose in the United States of America a 

 group of professional college-and-university animal psycholo- 



