192 THE MINDS AND MANNERS 



ment, fight fiercely in defense of nests or young. Typical 

 examples are: 



Geese; 



Swans; 



The larger Flycatchers; 



Birds of prey, especially the more powerful ones, such 

 as Bald Eagles, Duck Hawks and Horned Owls. 



3. Some species fight in competition for food. Conspicuous 

 examples are: 



The fiercer hawks; 



Some carrion eaters, as the King Vulture, Black, 



Sharp-Shinned, Cooper, Gos and Duck Hawks, 



which fight in the air over prey. 



4. Certain birds show pugnacity in connection with the 

 robber instinct, as: 



Bald Eagle, which robs the Osprey; 

 Skua and Jaeger, which rob gulls. 



5. Some species show general pugnacity. Species to be 

 cited are: 



Cassowaries, Emus and Ostriches, all of which are 

 more or less dangerous; 



Saras Cranes, which strike wickedly and without 

 warning; 



Some Herons, especially if confined, and 



Birds of Paradise, which are unreasonably quarrel- 

 some. 



6. In non-social birds, each male will fight for his own 

 breeding and feeding territory. The struggle for territory is a 

 wide one, and it is now attracting the attention of bird psy- 

 chologists. 



Birds are no more angelic than human beings are. They 

 have their faults and their mean traits, just as we have; but 

 their repertoire is not so great as ours. In every species that 

 we have seen tried out in captivity, the baser passions are 

 present. This is equally true of mammals. In confinement, in 



