CEN'KRAL PLANS 83 



8. Plans of Protection, chiefly fire-protection. Risk, danger 

 points or areas, danger-months or periods, proper patrol, most 

 effective improvements, the organization of extra help, and co- 

 operation. 



9. Estimates and Apportionment of Income and Expenses 

 together with a statement of Per.sonnel or help. 



Where parts of the lands are used for water power sites, 

 tourists' camps, etc., a definite policy or General Plan for these 

 enterprises should be worked out, but this is no longer within the 

 sphere of forestry proper, and therefore need not be considei-ed here. 



B. THE OBJECTS OF MANAGEMENT. 



What do we keep and develop the property for? • 



a. In Central Europe the object is, generally, to raise crops of 

 timber most demanded in the market. This applies to over 90% of 

 all woods. Apparently this is the desire of the owner, and is made 

 much of in the books. But in reality it is more a matter of condi- 

 tions than of desire. In a number of States the law com])els the 

 owner to stay in the business of forestry and do it reasonably well. 

 Even where he has the liberty to clear land, he must chose between 

 forestry or clearing. In the latter case he ceases to be of interest in 

 this connection. Where he stays in forestry, it is good business, 

 site and market which determine for him the limited choice. In 

 mountains the climate forbids raising Oak, etc., on the sands of 

 North Germany the site compels him to use Pine. 



b. In our own country the same will be true. While a farmer 

 in the. Ohio Valley may raise a variety of timber, practice Coppice 

 and Selection Method, etc., the owner of larger forests rarely has 

 a like range of choice. In the Northern Spruce region it is generally 

 Spruce or scrub hardwoods ; Spruce alone pays and the choice of 

 the owner has little play (provided it is to be a forest and not mere 

 game park, etc.). On the sands of the Lake Region and South, in 

 the Lodge Pole forests of the Rockies, in much of the Yellow Pine, 

 and in all Alpine woods of the West, the Site decides, and the owner 

 has merely choice of forestry or not forestry. Pie may be penurious 

 and fail to provide funds for protection, etc., it is true, but this will 



