90 FOREST REGUL\TIOX 



conifers and this may be expected to continue. ( )ccasionally a local 

 market demands special materials, wagon stock, cooperage stuff, 

 mining timber, pulp and acid wood, poles, piling, fence posts and 

 even fuel ; but such markets frequently lack permanence to justify 

 stocking large areas with the particular stuff desired. 



g. To keep up the fertility of the land much can be done in 

 the selection of Species. Generally hardwoods are better soil pre- 

 servers than conifers ; tolerant kinds like Ueech and staple are 

 better than intolerant trees like Oak, Poplar, Birch, etc. On the 

 poor sands where only Pine makes a satisfactory crop, underplant- 

 ing with lieech, etc., alone has been able to keep up fertility enough 

 to enable the Pine to hold out to an age of too years and make 

 acceptable sizes. It is primarily from this stand point that able 

 authorities like Gayer insisted on the return to mixed forest in 

 Germany. 



h. Over millions of acres of forest lands in the United States 

 the combination of Site (land and climate) and market allow but 

 little choice. Spruce will predominate in the cold Northeast ; hard 

 Pine in the Southern Pinery ; pine in the Lake States ; Yellow Pine 

 and Lodge Pole in the Rockies, with White Pine and Larch in the 

 Northern Rockies. Yellow Pine dominates the dry east side of 

 Sierra and Cascades ; mixed Conifers the west side, and here Yellow 

 Pine and Sugar Pine and Balsams in California ; Red Fir, Hemlock, 

 Balsam, Cedar and Spruce on West Side of Oregon and ^^'ashing- 

 ton. High altitudes call for Spruce, Balsam, Alpine Hemlock and 

 White Bark Pine, while our Tamarack Swamps call for Tamarack, 

 Cedar and Black Spruce. 



D. METHODS OF SILVICULTURE. 



a. Principal Methods of Silviculture. 



As distinguished by the great silviculturist Lorey may briefly 

 be outlined as follows : 



I. The Selection Method. 



"Plenter betrieb", "Femelbetrieb", Lorey. 

 Composition: Pure or Mixed. 



