120 l-ORT-ST RPir.ur ATIOX 



in Silviculture, this regularity provides the following fundamentals 

 of good forest business. 



a. Yearly cut of about equal volume. 



b. Yearly cut of about the same age, size and quality of timber, 

 and hence a yearly income of about the same amount. 



c. Growth and income is secured on a capital no larger than is 

 necessary, and therefore this regularity assures the largest per cent 

 of interest on the capital. 



d. Best growth under given conditions of site, species and 

 rotation. 



e. (jreatest degree of .safety from fire and other dangers, since 

 the forest is never made up entirely of young, or of old stuff. 



In short the forest is in a properly regulated or "normal" con- 

 dition. 



5. From the above it follows that if the forester "over cuts", 

 i. e., cuts much more than the proper area or amount of timber, he 

 cuts into the "capital" and must make up by saving, later on. If he 

 "undercuts"', i. e., leaves a lot of ripe stuff on the gi-ound, he reduces 

 growth and income, for old stuff does not grow as fast as young 

 timber. For any given place or forest there is a certain Rotation 

 which is better than a longer or .shorter one, and once this is decided 

 upon. Regulation of the cut is bound by it. 



The lumberman normally overcuts, and thereby cuts capital and 

 growth ; the farmer in his woodlot often overcuts in one place and 

 undercuts in another; Bavarian State forests for years have been 

 undercut, and income kept unnecessarily low. Overcutting a forest 

 tends to devastation and neglect. As soon as yearly income fails or 

 becomes too small, the owner loses interest, he "retrenches", i. e., he 

 neglects, and the mischief grows at geometric ratio. ( )vercut also 

 hurts market either by over-production or by failure of regular 

 .supply. Experience in the United States as well as abroad is the 

 same on this point. 



Regulation of the cut, then, should prevent overcut as well as 

 undercut in the forest. 



6. Keeping in mind the changes in market, bad seasons, fire, 

 insects and other enemies, and then also mistakes of the forester 

 which disturb regularity of reproduction, gTowth and development 

 of the many stands of timber in a forest, it is evident that this re'2u- 



