176 FOREST UFXUr.ATIOX 



own hands, to do as he prefers. But there are also a large number 

 of owners who sell timber on the stump. In these cases logger and 

 owner of the forest have entirely different interests ; the former 

 wants cheap logs and refuses to do anything which costs extra 

 money ; and the owner would like to have the logging do the least 

 injur}' to the remaining forest, and asks for considerable extra work 

 and outlay. This leads to elaborate contracts, necessitates constant 

 supervision and often ends in difficulties. What the development is 

 to be in the I'nited States to remedy this situation is not certain, 

 but in all cases where a reasonably intensive forest management is 

 warranted, sale of stumpage should be avoided, and logs or wood 

 delivered at the road by someone entirely under control of the 

 forest owner. 



This introduces necessity of planning and deciding upon general 

 policy, as contract logging, or logging by owner ; proper methods of 

 logging, such as machine logging, loging per sleigh haul, all year 

 logging ; and logging for particular goods, railroad ties, mine timber, 

 saw logs, cordwood, etc. Thes are matters of great importance and 

 deserve attention in the General Plan. Here also belong considera- 

 tions of secondary utilization, such as grazing, turpentine, tanbark 

 business, etc. 



2. Grazing. Here the General Plan should state clearly op- 

 portunity for grazing, the importance of this to owner and com- 

 munity ; effect on forest and general methods to follow- if grazing 

 is allowed. 



In the Hardwood forest of Northern Michigan there is little 

 opportunity and still less demand and grazing need not be con- 

 sidered. In the Southern Pinery there is little and poor feed, 

 great insect pest, poor grazing, but there is considerable" demand, 

 and for a time at least, this must be reckoned with. In the Rockv 

 Mountain Districts over half of all large forest properties offer 

 considerable opportunity for grazing and' generally demand for 

 this range far exceeds supply. Generally it is true, and yet rather 

 unfortunate that opportimity for grazing in forest properties in- 

 creases with dry climate and high elevation, the very things which 

 make silviculture and the very existence of the forest difHcult. 



Since the eft'ect of all grazing is more or less inimical to forest 

 growth, need for a close supervision and careful regulation increases. 



