204 _ EDENTATA 
of the Pleistocene of South America, as well as Carioderma, of the 
Pliocene of Texas, differ from all the preceding in having the scutes 
of the carapace in the form of disconnected nodules. Glyptodonts 
also occur in South American beds of earlier age than the Pleistocene, 
some of these forms having enamel bands on the teeth. ‘“ Why such 
a form as the Glyptodon should have failed to keep his ground is,” 
as the late Professor W. K. Parker remarks, “a great mystery ; 
nature seems to have built him, as Rome was built, for eternity.” 
Family MANID#&. 
Covered externally (except the under surface of the body and 
inside of the limbs) with large imbricated horny scales, and 
scattered hairs growing in the intervals. No teeth. Tongue long, 
vermiform, and protractile. No accessory articular processes to 
the lumbar vertebre, but the anterior zygapophyses largely de- 
veloped and deeply concave, completely embracing the semicylindri- 
cal surfaces of the posterior zygapophyses. Limbs short, with five 
complete digits on each foot. Scaphoid and lunar bones of carpus 
united. Uterus bicornuate. Placenta diffused and non-deciduate. 
All the existing forms belong to the Ethiopian and Oriental regions 
of the Old World. The absence of additional articular processes to 
the lumbar vertebree is a character in which this and the following 
family differ from all the preceding forms. 
Manis..—Skull somewhat of the form of an elongated cone, with 
the smal] end turned forwards ; very smooth and free from crests 
and ridges. No distinction between the orbits and temporal fosse. 
The zygomatic arch usually incomplete, owing to the absence of 
the jugal bone. No distinct lachrymal bone. Palate long and 
narrow. The pterygoids extend backwards as far as the tympanics, 
but do not meet in the middle line below. Tympanic ankylosed to 
the surrounding bones, and more or less bullate, but not produced 
into a tubular auditory meatus. Rami of mandible very slender 
and straight, without any angle or coronoid process. From near 
the anterior extremity of the upper edge a sharp, conical, tooth-like 
process projects upwards and outwards. No clavicles. No third 
trochanter to the femur. Ungual phalanges bifid at their ter- 
minations. Caudal vertebre with very long, strong transverse 
processes and numerous chevron bones. Tongue long, vermiform, 
flattened towards the tip; its retractor or sterno-glossal muscles 
arising from the hinder extremity of the immensely prolonged 
ensiform cartilage of the sternum. Stomach with thick lining 
membrane and muscular walls, and a special gland near the 
middle of the great curvature, consisting of a mass of complex 
1 Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 52 (1766). 
