208 EDENTATA 
The Indian species is said to live in pairs, and to give birth to 
one or two young at a time in the spring. Their burrow reaches a 
depth of some twelve feet, and terminates in a large chamber, which 
may be as much as six feet in diameter. A faint hiss appears to be 
the only sound emitted by these animals. 
Remains of a large species of Manis, which are indistinguishable 
from the corresponding bones of the existing West African I. 
gigantea, are found fossil in cave-deposits in the Karnul district of 
Madras. This is one among several instances of the close connection 
between the Pleistocene and Pliocene mammalian fauna of India with 
the existing African fauna. 
Paleomanis.'—The lower Pliocene deposits of the Isle of 
Samos, in the Turkish Archipelago, have yielded remains of a 
Pangolin fully three times the dimensions of JL. gigantea, upon the 
evidence of which the genus Paleomanis has been established. 
Family ORYCTEROPODID.£ 
External surface scantily covered with bristle-like hairs. Teeth 
numerous, apparently heterodont, diphyodont, and of peculiar and 
complex structure, being traversed by a number of parallel vertical 
pulp-canals. Lumbar vertebra with no accessory zy gapophyses. 
Femur with a third trochanter. Fore feet without pollex, but all 
the other digits well developed, with strong moderate-sized nails, 
suited to digging, the plantar surfaces of which rest on the ground 
in walking. Hind feet with five subequal toes. Mouth elongated 
and tubular. Tongue subvermiform. Uterus bicornuate. Placenta 
broadly zonular. Feeding on animal substances. Terrestrial and 
fossorial in habits. Now mainly limited to the Ethiopian region. 
Orycteropus.’—The total number of permanent teeth appears to 
be from eight to ten in each side of the upper, and eight in the 
lower jaw; but they are never all in place at one time, as the 
small anterior teeth are shed before the series is completed behind. 
In the adult they number usually five on each side above and below, 
of which the first two are simple and compressed, the next two 
larger and longitudinally grooved at the sides, the most posterior 
simple and cylindrical. The last three in either jaw having no 
milk-predecessors, may be regarded as true molars. The structure 
of all these teeth is quite peculiar among mammals, though 
resembling that of some fishes. Their summits are rounded before 
they are worn; their bases do not taper to a root, but are evenly 
truncated and continually growing. Each tooth is made up of an 
aggregation of parallel dental systems, having a slender pulp-cavity 
1 Forsyth-Major, Comptes Rendus, vol. evii. p. 1180 (1888), 
* Geoffroy, Décade Philosophique, 1795 (teste Agassiz) 
