PECORA 309 
antler being then said to be “palmated.” In young animals the 
antlers are always small and simple, and in those species in which 
they are variously branched or palmated, this condition is only 
gradually ac- 
quired in several 
successive annual 
growths. An 
interesting paral- \ 
lel has been ob- 
served here, as & 
in so many other 
cases, between 
the development 
of the race and 
that of the in- 
dividual. Thus 
the earliest 
known forms of 
Deer, those of 
the Lower Mio- 
cene, generally 
have no antlers, 
as in the young 
of the existing 
species. The 
Deer of the 
Middle Miocene 
have simple ant- 
lers, with not 
more than two 
branches, as in 
existing Deer of 
the second year ; 
but it is not until the Pliocene and Pleistocene times that Deer 
occur with antlers developed with that luxuriance of growth and 
beauty of form characteristic of some of the existing species in a 
perfectly adult state. Among recent Cervidw, antlers are wanting 
in the genera Moschus and Hydropotes ; they are present in both sexes 
in Tarandus (the Reindeer), and in the male sex only in all others. 
In those forms with the most complex antlers (Figs. 119, 120) 
the tine immediately over the forehead is termed the brow tine, the 
next one the bez tine, and the third one the fres tine; the mass of 
points at the summit of the antler being termed either the royal 
and surroyal tines, or collectively the crown. The nodulated bony 
ring at the base of the antler, just above the point at which it 
separates from the pedicle when it is shed, is termed the burr. 
Fic. 120.—Head of Deer (Cervus schomburgki), showing antlers. 
From Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 682. 
