320 UNGULATA 
lachrymal fossa and vacuity, and the degree of inflation of the audi- 
tory bulla, are subject to variation in the different groups into 
which the genus may be divided. 
The Rusine group is characteristic of the Oriental region, where 
it is typically represented by the Sambur (C. aristotelis) of India, 
Burma, and China. The antlers are rounded, and often strongly 
grooved, without a bez tine, and with the beam simply forked at the 
extremity, upright, and but slightly curved; the angle formed by 
the brow tine, which rises close to the burr, being acute. The 
molars are markedly hypsodont, with small accessory columns. The 
lachrymal fossa is deep and the vacuity large; the auditory bulla 
is slightly inflated and rugose. Tail moderate ; neck maned. 
The Sambur, which is abundant in hilly districts, is a fine animal, 
standing nearly 5 feet in height, and of massive build; the general 
colour being deep brown. C. equinus, of Borneo, Sumatra, and 
Singapore, C. swinhoei, of Formosa, C. philippinus, and C. alfredi of 
the Philippines, are closely allied species, of which the two latter 
are of smaller dimensions. The Indian Hog Deer (C. porcinus) is a 
still smaller form, not larger than the Roe. C. hippelaphus of Java, 
C. timoriensis, and C. moluccensis are distinguished by the posterior 
branch of the beam of the antler being considerably larger than the 
anterior. 
The Rucervine group is another strictly Oriental one, and is 
represented by the Swamp Deer (C. duvaucelli) of India, the closely 
allied C. schomburgki of Siam, of which the antlers are shown in 
Fig. 119 (p. 309), and C. edi of Burma and Hainan. The beam of 
the antler is somewhat flattened, and more curved than in the Rusine 
group ; the large brow tine is given off from the beam at an obtuse 
angle and curves upwards ; the beam bifurcates into two branches, 
which again divide. Skull as in the Rusine group, but relatively 
narrower. ‘Tail short; neck maned. 
The Swamp Deer is somewhat smaller than the Sambur, and of 
a full yellowish colour. Fossil representatives of this group occur 
in the Pliocene of India. 
The Elaphurine group is represented only by the very aberrant 
C. davidianus of Northern China. In size and proportions this 
species approximates to the Swamp Deer, but the antlers are peculiar 
in rising straight from the brow and then giving off a long and 
straight back tine (correlated by Sir V. Brooke with the posterior 
branch of the Rusine antler); the summit of the beam is forked 
and in old individuals the two tines of the fork may again branch. 
Nasals long, and much expanded between the lachrymal vacuities, 
of which they form the inner border; lachrymal fossa large and 
deep. Tail long; neck maned. 
The .4aine group includes only the well-known Axis of India 
readily distinguished by the white spots with which the body is 
