330 UNGULATA 
of the hair on the face, agrees with the next one in having simple 
spike-hke antlers. 
The South American Coassine group comprises the small forms 
known as Brockets, in which the antlers form simple spikes not 
exceeding half the length of the head. Some six species are known. 
Remains of Cariacus, mostly or entirely referable to existing 
species, are of common occurrence in the Brazilian cave-deposits. 
Blastomeryx, of the Pliocene of North America, is believed to be an 
allied type. 
Puduat—aAntlers in the form of minute simple spikes. 
Distinguished from the Coassine group of Cariacus by the articulation 
of the premaxille with the nasals (as in the Fwrciferine group), 
and the coalescence of the ectocuneiform with the naviculo-cuboid. 
as well as by various external characters. No upper canines. Re- 
presented only by the very small P. humilis of the Chilian Andes. 
Extinct Genera—In the European and other Tertiary deposits 
several genera of extinct (¢rvide occur, of which the more important 
may be briefly mentioned. -4mphitragulus, of the Lower Miocene 
of the Continent, has four lower premolars, brachydont molars, and 
no antlers; the largest species being somewhat bigger than the 
Musk-Deer. The closely allied Palcomeryx (Dremotherium or Micro- 
meryz) generally has but three lower premolars, and the brachydont 
upper molars (Fig. 122), like those of {mphitraaulus, want the small 
accessory inner column” found in modern Deer. In P. feianouzi, of 
the Lower Miocene, the lateral metacarpals, although slender, were 
complete, and the males had large canines, but no antlers. 
P. furcatus, of the Middle Miocene, had small antlers, and the canines 
appear to have been reduced in size. This genus, besides being repre- 
sented in the European Miocene, also occurs in the Pliocene of India 
and China; some of the species being as large as the Red Deer. 
Family GIRAFFID-£. 
In the existing genus the frontal appendages consist of a pair 
of short, erect, permanent bony processes placed over the union of 
the frontal and the parietal bones, ossified from distinct centres. 
though afterwards ankrlosed to the skull, covered externally with 
a hairy skin, present in both sexes, and even in the new-born animal. 
Anterior to these is a median protuberance on the frontal and 
contiguous parts of the nasal bones, which increases with age, and 
is sometimes spoken of as a third horn. Skull with a lachrymal 
vacuity. No upper canines. Molars brachydont, with rugose 
1 Gray, Proce. Zool. Soe. 1850, p. 242. 
* This accessory column is shown in the figure of the molar of Bosclayhus on 
p. 311. 
