BOVIDA 349 
resembles Tragelaphus in the greater development of the posterior 
as compared with the anterior ridge of the horn-cores, and has 
accordingly been referred to that genus. Protragelaphus, of the 
Lower Pliocene of Attica, differs from all the other types in the 
absence of the anterior ridge on the horn-cores and of the 
supraorbital pits, while it has a distinct lachrymal fossa. 
In this place it will be convenient to notice certain fossil forms 
which do not accord with any of the existing sections of the family, 
and for the reception of which the Paleotragine section has been 
formed. In these types the horn-cores are laterally compressed 
like those of the modern Goats, but the upper molars resemble those 
of the brachydont Antelopes. The earliest of these genera, and the 
first representative of the Antelopes yet known, is Protragoceros, of 
the Middle Miocene of France, first described as Antilope clavata ; 
Paleotragoceros and Tragoceros, of the Lower Pliocene, are distin- 
guished by their larger horns and wider molars. 
A remarkable large Antelope from the Lower Pliocene of the 
Isle of Samos, in the Turkish Archipelago, proposed to be described 
as Criotherium, appears to be unlike any other form. The horns, 
which are placed on the extreme vertex of the skull, are very 
short, tightly twisted, and project in front of the forehead. The 
upper molars have short and broad crowns, with no accessory 
column on the inner side. 
Rupicaprine Section—The Caprine Antelopes, as the typical 
members of this section may be termed, appear to connect the true 
Antelopes with the Goats. They are mostly small or medium- 
sized forms, inhabiting portions of the Palearctic and Oriental 
regions, with one outlying North American genus. The typical 
forms present the following features. Horns present, and of nearly 
equal size in both sexes, rising behind the orbits, short, ringed at 
the base, conical or somewhat compressed, and recurved. Sub- 
orbital gland generally present, in some cases small. Build clumsy ; 
hoofs large ; tail short, tapering, hairy above. Skull with lachrymal 
fossa, but no fissure. Molars as in the Caprine section. 
Rupicapra.' Horns short and cylindrical, rising perpendicularly 
from the forehead for some distance, then bending sharply back- 
wards and downwards, forming hooks with pointed tips. Premaxille 
not reaching the nasals. One species, Palearctic. 
The Gemse, or Alpine Chamois (£2. tragus), inhabits the high 
mountains of Europe from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus. It stands 
about 2 feet in height at the withers. The body is covered in 
winter with long hair of a chestnut-brown colour, that of the head 
being paler, with a dark brown streak on each side. At other 
seasons the colour is somewhat lighter, in spring approaching 
to gray. Underneath the external covering the body is further 
1 De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75. 
