BOVIDAE 351 
to Formosa, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. The smallest 
species is the Himalayan Goral (.V. geru/). Of the larger forms we 
may mention the Himalayan Serow (V. bubalinus) the Cambing- 
Utan (V. sumatrensis) of Sumatra, and the Japanese V. crispus 
(Fig. 144). Of the Serow, Colonel Kinloch remarks that “it 
is a large and powerful beast. The body is covered with very 
coarse hair, which assumes the form of a bristly mane on the 
head and shoulders, and gives the beast a ferocious appearance, 
which does not belie its disposition. The colour is a dull black 
on the back, bright red on the sides, and white underneath, the 
legs also being dirty white. The ears are very large, the muzzle 
is coarse. The Serow has an awkward gait, but in spite of this can 
go over the worst ground ; and it has perhaps no superior in going 
down steep hills. It is a solitary animal, and nowhere numerous.” 
Hupleceros.1—The Rocky-Mountain Goat (Huploceros montanus), 
inhabiting the northern parts of Califormia, appears to be very 
closely allied to Vemorhedus. The horns are somewhat compressed 
at the base; there is no suborbital gland; and the ears are small. 
The hair, which is whitish in colour, is very long, and especially 
abundant in the region of the throat, shoulders, flanks, and tail. 
The animal is about the size of a large Sheep. 
Budoreas?2—The Takin (B. taxicoler) of the Mishmi Hills in 
Assam, and an allied species from Eastern Tibet, are larger forms 
apparently related to Vemorhedus, but with a much greater develop- 
ment of the horns. The horns of what is considered to be the 
male® arise from the vertex of the skull, and are nearly in con- 
tact in the middle line; they first bend outwards and downwards, 
and then suddenly upwards and backwards. Those regarded by 
Mr. Hume as referable to the female are directed at first outwards, 
and then gradually curve upwards and backwards, without any down- 
ward flexure or angulation. The horns of the male may be 2 feet in 
length, with a basal diameter of 13 inches. The muzzle is hairy, with 
a small naked mufile. There appear to be considerable seasonal 
and sexual variations in colour; the body being in some cases of 
a yellow dun, while in others it is a dusky, reddish-brown, with 
much black intermingled. The heads of large males are blackish. 
Searcely anything is known of the habits of the Takin, which 
never appears to have been seen alive by Europeans. 
“‘aprine Section.—Both sexes with horns, but those of the female 
small. Horns usually compressed, triangular, with transverse 
ridges, and either curving backwards or spiral. Muzzle hairy, 
without naked muffle. Suborbital gland small or absent ; lachrymal 
1 Hamilton-Smith, in Grijith’s Animal Kingdoin, vol. v. p. 354 (1827). 
Amended from ‘* Aplocerus.” 
2 Hodgson, Journ. As. Soe. Benga’, vol. xix. p. 65 (1850). 
* See A. O. Hume, Proe. Zool. Soe, 1887, pp. 483-486. 
