352 UNGULATA 
fossa of skull present or absent. Tail short and flattened. Foot- 
glands frequently present. Molars very hypsodont; those of the 
upper jaw being narrow, without an accessory internal column. 
Mainly Palearctic, but with some outlying forms. 
This section includes the Goats and Sheep, which are so closely 
connected that it is difficult to give well-marked generic characters 
that will hold good for all the species. They seem to be one of 
Fic. 145.—The Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex). 
the latest developments of the Bovidw, since they are unknown 
before the Pliocene period ; and are essentially mountain forms. 
Capra.i—Horns flattened from side to side, and either curving 
backwards (Fig. 145) or spirally twisted. No suborhital gland 
and no lachrymal fossa in the skull. Foot-glands, if present, only 
in the fore feet. Chin more or less bearded. Males with a strong 
odour. Vertebree: C 7,D13,L6,8 4,C 9-13. Some dozen species, 
ranging over all the higher mountains of Southern Europe, from 
Spain to the Caucasus; also found in Abyssinia, Persia, Sind, and 
Baluchistan, thence through the higher Himalaya, and so on to 
Tibet and Northern China. One outlying species occurs in the 
Nilgherries of Southern India. 
' Linn. Syst. Nut. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 94 (1766). 
