ELEPHANTIDE 427 
the elephants mutually assist each other, and that several engage 
together in the work of overturning a large tree.” 
Extinct Species of Elephant.—Abundant remains of Elephants are 
found embedded in alluvial gravels, or secreted in the recesses of 
caves, into which they have been washed by streams and floods, or 
dragged as food by Hyznas and other carnivorous inhabitants of 
these subterranean dens. Such remains belonging to the Pleistocene 
and Pliocene periods have been found in many parts of Europe, 
including the British Isles, in North Africa, throughout the North 
American continent from Alaska to Mexico, and extensively dis- 
tributed in Asia, where the deposits of the sub-Himalayan Siwalik 
Fic. 184.—Restored skeleton of the Mammoth (Elephas primigenius). From Tilesius in 
Mém. Acad. Imp. Sc. St. Pétersbourg, vol. v. (1815). s, Scapula; h, humerus; 7, radius; w, ulna; 
c, carpus; rs, ischium ; f, femur; t, tibia; ji, fibula; ta, tarsus. 
Hills, and equivalent deposits in the Punjab, Perim Island,! and 
Burma, belonging to the earliest Pliocene, are rich in the remains 
of Elephants of varied form. These species are chiefly known and 
characterised at present by the skulls and teeth ; some of the latter 
resemble the existing Indian and some the African type, but the 
majority are between the two, and make the distinction between 
the two existing species as of generic importance quite impractic- 
able. Others again approach so closely in the breadth and coarse- 
ness of the ridges and paucity of cement to Mastodon as to have 
been placed by some zoologists in that genus. These form the 
subgenus called Stegodon by Falconer, and may be regarded as a 
distinct group of the genus. 
1 In the Gulf of Cambay,—not the island of the same name in the Red Sea. 
