ELEPHANTIDE 429 
“ridge-formula” as 4, *, 12, 12, 16, 24. Dr. Leith Adams, work- 
ing from more abundant materials, has shown, however, that the 
number of ridges of each 
tooth, especially those at 
the posterior end of the 
series, is subject to very 
great individual variation, ~ | 
ranging in each tooth of 
the series within the fol- 
lowing limits: 3 to 4, 6 
to % 9 to 12, 9 to 15, 
14 to 16, 18 to 27, ex- on ee i 
cluding the small plates 71+ Grating sures of soe meas of the 
called talons at each end ,, enamel. (From Owen.) 
of the tooth. Besides these 
variations in the number of ridges or plates of which each tooth is 
composed, the thickness of the enamel varies so much as to have 
given rise to a distinction between a “thick-plated ” and a “thin- 
plated” variety—the latter being most prevalent among the speci- 
mens from the Arctic regions, and most distinctively characteristic 
of the species. From the specimens with thick enamel plates 
the transition to the other species or varieties mentioned above, 
including £. indicus, is almost imperceptible. 
The hones of the skeleton generally more resemble those of the 
Indian Elephant than of any other known species, but the skull 
differs in the narrower summit, narrower temporal fozs#, and more 
prolonged incisive sheaths required to support the roots of the 
enormous tusks. Among the external characters by which the 
Mammoth was distinguished from either of the existing species of 
Elephant was the dense clothing, not only of long coarse outer hair, 
but also of close woolly under hair, of a reddish-brown colour, 
evidently in adaptation to the colder climate which it inhabited. 
This character, for a knowledge of which we are indebted to the 
well-preserved remains found in Northern Siberia, is also represented 
in the rude but graphic drawings of prehistoric age found in caverns 
in the south of France.t In size different individuals varied con- 
siderably, but the average height does not appear to have exceeded 
that of either of the existing species of Elephant. 
The geographical range of the Mammoth was very extensive. 
There is scarcely a county in England in which some of its remains 
have not been found either in alluvial deposits of gravel or in 
caverns, and numbers of its teeth are from time to time dredged 
1 The best known of these is the etching upon a portion of tusk found in the 
cave of La Madelaine in the Dordogne, figured in Lartet and Christy’s Reliquie 
Aquitanice, and in many other works bearing on the subject of the antiquity of 
man. 
