ELEPHANTIDA 431 
both among ignorant peasants and learned academicians, will be 
found in Nordenskiéld’s /’vyage of the Vega (English translation, 
vol. i. 1881, p. 398 sy.) and a series of papers in the Geologicud 
Magazine for 1880 and 1881, by H. H. Howorth, as well as ina 
separate work on the Mammoth by the same writer. For the 
geographical distribution and anatomical characters, see Falconer’s 
Patwontological Memoirs, vol, ii. 1868; Boyd Dawkins, “Zlephas 
primigenius, its Range in Space and Time,” Quurt. Journ. Geol. Soc. 
xxxv. p. 138 (1879); and Leith Adams, “Monograph of British 
Fossil Elephants,” part ii, Paleontegraphical Society (1879). 
E. antiquus, of the Enropean Pleistocene, has a lower ridge- 
formula than in the Mammoth, the molars being narrower, and 
approximating to those of the African Elephant in structure. 
Small allied forms occur in the rock-fissures and caverns of Malta, 
and have been described as £. mnaidriensis and E. melitensis ; some 
of the individuals of the latter not exceeding 3 feet in height. The 
European #. meridionalis is a southern form of somewhat carlier 
age, very common in the Upper Pliocene of Italy and France, and 
also in the so-called Forest-bed of the Norfolk coast. It attained 
very largo dimensions, its height being estimated at upwards of 
15 feet. The ridge-formula is lower than in £. antiguas, the 
molars are broad, with the worn enamel-dises generally expanded 
in the middle, and the enamel itself is crenulated. 
Elephant remains are very abundant in the Pleistocene and 
Pliocene deposits of India, those from the latter beds being the 
oldest. representatives of the genus. Of these the Pleistocene 
fH. namadicus appears closely allied to £. antigens, from which it is 
distinguished by a bold ridge across the forehead. Among the Plio- 
cone forms Z. hysudricus may be an ancestral type allied to the Indian 
Elephant ; while £. planifrons is closely velated to £. meridionalis, 
although retaining the ancestral feature of developing premolars. 
The Stegodont group is peculiar to the castern parts of the 
Old World, and, as already observed, connects the true Elephants 
intimately with the Mastodons. The molars (Fig. 179, I) are 
characterised by tho lowness of the ridges, while the intervening 
valleys may have but little cement, and there may be a more 
ov less distinct longitudinal groove in the crown dividing each 
ridge into an inner and an outer moiety. In species like LZ. insignis 
the ridge-formula is neatly the same as in A. meridionalis, but in 
BK. cliftt, some of the molars carry only six ridges, and premolars 
were present, so that we thus have such a complete transition to 
tho next genus that it is very difficult to know where to draw the 
line between the two. 
AMastodon.A—Deutition : 4 ew ¢ 8, dn 3, m3. Upper incisors 
Y Cuvier, fn. du Muséan, vol. villi, p. 270 (1806). 
