436 UNGULATA 
penultimate but two. The cranium is much depressed, with com- 
paratively little development of air-cells. The remainder of the 
skeleton is imperfectly known, but apparently agrees in its general 
characters with that of the other Proboscideans. 
Remains of Dinotherium giganteum, an animal of elephantine 
proportions, strikingly characterised by the pair of huge tusks 
descending nearly vertically from the front of the lower jaw, were 
first discovered at Eppelsheim, near Darmstadt, and described by 
Kaup. They have since been met with in various Lower Pliocene 
and higher Miocene formations in the south of Germany, France, 
Greece, and Asia Minor. Closely allied forms also occur in the 
Lower Pliocene and Upper Miocene of India, but none are known 
from America. 
Suborder AMBLYPODA. 
Uintatherium.i—Among the most remarkable of the compara- 
tively recent discoveries in the higher Eocene formations of the 
western states of North America has been one of a group of 
animals of huge size, approaching that of the largest existing 
Elephants, presenting a combination of characters quite unlike 
those known among other recent or extinct creatures, and of which 
there were evidently many species living contemporaneously, but 
all of which became extinct before the close of the Eocene period. 
To form some idea of their appearance, we must imagine animals 
very elephantine in general proportions and in the structure of their 
limbs. The feet had five short toes. The tail, as in the Elephants, 
was long and slender, but the neck, though still short, was not so 
much abbreviated as in the Proboscideans, and there is no evidence 
that these animals possessed a trunk. The head differed greatly 
from that of the Elephants, being long and narrow, more like that 
of a Rhinoceros, and, as in that animal, was elevated behind into a 
great occipital crest, and it had developed upon its upper surface 
three pairs of conspicuous, laterally diverging protuberances—one 
pair in the parietal region, one on the maxillaries in front of the 
orbits, and one (much smaller) near the fore part of the elongated 
nasal bones. Whether these were merely covered by bosses of 
callous skin, as the rounded form and ruggedness of their extremities 
would indicate, or whether they formed the bases of attachment for 
horns of still greater extent, like those of the Rhinoceros or of the 
Cavicorn Ruminants, can only be a matter of conjecture. There 
were no upper incisors, but usually three on each side below, of 
comparatively small size, as was also the lower canine. A huge, 
compressed, curved, sharp-pointed canine tusk, very similar in form 
‘ Leidy, Proc. te, Nat. Sei, Philad, 1872, p. 169. 
