550 CARNIVORA 
In the reign of Henry III the number of wolves in some parts of 
the country was sufficient to induce the king to make grants of land 
to various individuals upon the express condition of their taking 
measures to destroy these animals wherever they could be found. 
In Edward IT’s time the king’s forest of the Peak, in Derbyshire, 
is especially mentioned as infested with wolves, and it was not 
until the reign of Henry VII (1485-1509) that wolves appear to 
have become finally extinct in England. This, however, is rather 
a matter of inference from the cessation of all mention of them in 
local records than from any definite evidence of their extirpation. 
Their last retreat was probably in the desolate wolds of Yorkshire. 
In Scotland, as might be supposed from the nature of the country, 
the wolf maintained its hold for a much longer period. There is a 
well-known story of the last of the race being killed by Sir Ewen 
Cameron of Lochiel in 1680, but there is evidence of wolves having 
survived in Sutherlandshire and other parts into the following 
century (perhaps as late as 1743), though the date of their final 
extinction cannot be accurately fixed. In Ireland, in Cromwell’s 
time, wolves were particularly troublesome, and said to be increas- 
ing in numbers, so that special measures were taken for their 
destruction, such as the offering of large rewards for their heads, 
and the prohibition (in 1652) of the exportation of “ wolf-dogs,” the 
large dogs used for hunting the-wolves. The active measures 
taken then and later reduced their numbers greatly, so that 
towards the end of the century they became scarce, but, as in the 
case of the sister island, the date of their final disappearance cannot 
now be ascertained. It has been placed, upon the evidence of 
somewhat doubtful traditions, as late as 1766. 
Remains of C. /upus are common in the European Pleistocene ; 
while the Indian Pliocene C. cauéleyi, of which the upper teeth 
are shown in Fig. 251, was probably the ancestor of C. pallipes. 
C. neschersensis, of the Upper Pliocene of France, was a smaller 
extinct Wolf. A lower jaw from the French Pleistocene, described 
under the name of Lycorus, has only three premolars, but evidently 
belongs to the Wolf. 
The Jackals are smaller than the Wolves, with the bushy tail 
about one-third the length of the head and body, and the car- 
nassials relatively shorter as compared with the tubercular molars. 
The Common Jackal (C. awreus, Fig. 252) has a very wide distri- 
bution, ranging from South-Eastern Europe through South-Western 
Asia to India and Burma, and also occurring in Northern Africa ; 
being replaced in the Ethiopian region by closely allied species. 
Remains indistinguishable from C. aureus occur in the Pliocene 
Siwaliks of Northern India. Jackals hunt at night in packs, 
uttering the piercing cries so well known to all who have resided 
in countries where these animals are found. 
