562 CARNIVORA 
and Arctuthertwm, to the true Bears. Most of the species of Hyce- 
nurctus were of very large dimensions, but smaller forms occur in the 
Miocene. Cephalogale, of the Continental Tertiaries, is a genus 
represented by several species of medium size showing evident 
signs of affinity with Hyenarctus. The upper molars have sub- 
triangular crowns, while the carnassial is short, and has two com- 
paratively low lobes. Here also may be mentioned several other 
genera, apparently more or less closely allied to the present group, 
some of which are regarded by Dr. Schlosser as showing marked 
signs of affinity to the Procyonide. Among these are Simocyon from 
the Pliocene of Europe, with p <7 m 2%; and Enhydrocyon of the 
North American Miocene, with p 3, m 2, a secant talon to the 
lower carnassial, and a very short skull. The Miocene lurodon 
comprises several large North American forms, having a trilobed 
upper carnassial like that of Hyewnarctus, and a dental formula 
similar to that of the latter and Canis Prohyena is founded upon 
a much-worn jaw of Alwrodon. Hycnocyon, of the Miocene of the 
United States, with p 2, m 1, appears to be an allied form, also 
having a trilobed upper carnassial. 
Family PROCYONID#. 
True molars 3, tuberculated or multicuspid ; upper carnassial 
short and broad. Alisphenoid canal absent, except in Zlurus. 
Feet plantigrade. Tail generally annulated. In some cases an 
entepicondylar foramen to the humerus. Typically American, but 
with the outlying Oriental genus Alurus. 
Alurus..—Dentition : ¢ 3, ¢ 4, p 2,m 2; total 38. First lower 
premolar very minute and deciduous. Molars (Fig. 259) remark- 
able for their great transverse breadth and the numerous cusps of 
their crowns. Vertebre: C 7,D14,L6,83,C18. Skull (Fig. 
259) high and compressed, very convex, with the facial portion short, 
the palate convex antero-posteriorly, and the ascending ramus of 
mandible extremely high. Head round. Face short and broad. 
Ears large, erect, pointed. Limbs stout, with large sharp semi- 
retractile claws. Tail nearly as long as body, cylindrical, annulated, 
and clothed with long hairs. Fur long and thick. One existing 
species, 2. fulgens, the Panda (Fig. 258), an animal rather lazeer 
than a Cat, found in the South-East Himalaya, at heights of feo 
7,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea, among rocks and trees, and 
chiefly feeding on fruits and other vegetable substances. Its fur 
is of a remarkably rich reddish-brown colour, darker below. 
The genus -£7urus has been made the type of a distinct family, 
1 F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifercs (1825), Amended from “Ailurus,” 
For anatomy, see Flower, Proc. Zovl. Soc., 1870, p. 752. 
