646 CHIROPTERA 
muzzle, but also in the highly sensitive and widely extended integu- 
mentary structures entering into the formation of the wing-mem- 
branes and ear-conchs; while in many other species, notably in the 
tropical Rhinolophine and Phyllostomatine Bats, peculiar foliaceous 
cutaneous expansions surrounding the nasal apertures or extending 
backwards behind them are added. These structures, collectively 
known as the “nose-leaf” (whence the term “leaf-nosed Bats”), 
have been shown by Dr. Dobson to be made up partly of the 
extended and thickened marginal integument of the nostrils, and 
partly of the highly differentiated glandular eminences occupying 
the sides of the muzzle, in which, in all the common Bats, the 
vibrissz are implanted. 
In all species of leaf-nosed Bats, and especially in the Phino- 
lopade, where the nasal appendages reach their highest development, 
the superior maxillary division of the fifth nerve is of remarkably 
large calibre. The nasal branch of this nerve, which is given off 
immediately beyond the infraorbital foramen, is by far the largest 
portion ; the palpebral and labial branches consisting of a few 
slender nerve-fibres only. This branch passes forwards and upwards 
on the side of the maxilla, but soon spreads out into numerous - 
filaments extending into the muscles and integument above, and 
into the base of the nose-leaf. The nerve supply of the nose-leaf is 
further augmented by the large nasal branch of the ophthalmic 
division of the fifth nerve. While the many foliations, elevations, 
and depressions which vary the form of the nose-leaf greatly increase 
the sensory surface supplied by the fifth nerve, and during rapid 
flight intensify the vibrations conveyed to it, the great number of 
sweat and oil glands which enter into its structure perform a func- 
tion analogous to that of the glands of the auditory canal in relation 
to the membrana tympani in maintaining its surface in a highly 
sensitive condition. The nasal appendages of the Chiroptera may 
thus be regarded as performing the office of an organ of a very 
exalted sense of touch standing in the same relation to the nasal 
branches of the fifth nerve as the aural apparatus to the auditory 
nerve ; for, as the latter organ collects and transmits the waves of 
sound, so the former receives impressions arising from vibrations 
communicated to the air by approaching objects. 
In no order of mammals is the ear-conch so greatly developed or 
so variable in form. Thus in most of the insectivorous species the 
ears are longer than the head, while in some, as in the common 
Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus), their length nearly equals that of 
the head and body. The form of the conch is very characteristic of 
the various families; in most the tragus is remarkably large, in 
some extending nearly to the outer margin of the conch; and its 
function appears to be to cause undulations in the waves of sound, 
and so intensify and prolong them. It is worthy of notice that in 
