648 CHIROPTERA 
absent, and the caudate is generally very large ; but in the Micro- 
chiroptera, on the other hand, the Spigelian lobe is very large, while 
the caudate is small, in most species forming a ridge only. The 
gall-bladder is generally well developed and attached to the right 
central lobe, except in the Rhinolophide, where it is connected with 
the left central. 
In most species the hyoids are simple, consisting of a chain of 
slender, elongated, cylindrical bones connecting the small basi-hyoid 
with the cranium, while the pharynx is short, the larynx shallow 
~ with feebly de- 
X veloped vocal 
cords, and 
ta guarded by a 
<< short, acutely- 
pointed epiglot- 
tis, which in 
some genera 
(Harpyia, Vam- 
pyrus) is almost 
obsolete. In 
Epomophorus, 
however, we 
find a remark- 
able departure 
fromthe general 
type. Thus 
the pharynx is 
long and very 
capacious ; the 
Fic. 299.—Head and neck of Epomophorus franqueti (adult male, aperture of the 
natural size). The anterior (a.ph.s) and posterior (p.ph.s) pharyngeal larynx is far re- 
sacs are opened from without, the dotted lines indicating the points 
where they communicate with the pharynx ; s, thin membranous septum moved from 
in middle line between the anterior pharyngeal sacs of opposite sides ; the fauces, and, 
s.m., sterno-mastoid muscle separating the anterior from the posterior . 7 
sac. (Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881.) opposite fo it, 
atl ae = © 
SE | SS y 
(i 
opens a canal, 
leading from the narial chambers, and extending along the back 
of the pharynx ; the laryngeal cavity is spacious and its walls are 
ossified ; the hyoid bone is quite unconnected, except by muscle, 
with the cranium; the ceratohyals and epihyals are cartilaginous 
and greatly expanded, entering into the formation of the walls of 
the pharynx, and in the males of three species at least, supporting 
the orifices of a large pair of air-sacs communicating with the 
pharynx (Fig. 299). 
In extent, peculiar modifications, and sensitiveness the cutaneous 
system reaches its highest development in this order. As a sensory 
organ its chief modifications in connection with the external ear 
