662 CHIROPTERA 
aginous process derived from the calcar) may act as a kind of 
adhesive disc in securing the animal’s grasp when climbing over 
smooth surfaces. J ¢sperugo probably contains the greatest number 
of individuals among the genera of Chiroptera, and, “with the excep- 
tion of J ¢spertilic, its species have also the widest geographical 
range, being almost cosmopolitan; and one of the species, the well- 
known Serotine (J” [Vesperus] serotinus) is remarkable as the only 
species of Bat known to inhabit both the Old and the New World ; 
one (J~ barealis) has been found close to the limits of the Arctic 
circle, and another (J~ imawellanicus) inhabits the cold and desolate 
shores of the Straits of Magellan, being doubtless the Bat referred 
to by Mr. Darwin in the Vaturalist's Foyase. The Common Pipis- 
trelle (J. pipistrellus), ranging over the greater part of the Palearctic 
region, is the best known species. 
Chalinolobus’—This genus agrees with Tesperugo in the dental 
formula, but is readily distinguished by the presence of a well- 
defined lobe projecting near the angle of the mouth from the lower 
lip, and by the unicuspidate first upper incisor. The species fall 
into two subgenera—Chalinolobus proper, with p 3, represented by 
C. morio from New Zealand, Tasmania, and Australia, and three 
other species from Australia; and Glauconycteriz, with p 4, limited 
to Southern and Equatorial Africa, and known by C. argentatus and 
two other species, the Bats of this subgenus being especially remark- 
able for their peculiarly thin membranes, traversed by very distinct 
reticulations and parallel lines. 
Scotophilus.*—Dentition: i 4, ¢ 4, p $, m 3; total 30. This 
genus comprises a comparatively small number of species nearly 
allied to 7% esperugo, and some of which 
approach so closely to the aberrant types of 
the latter ranged under the subgenus Svotozeus, 
as to render the definition of the present genus 
almost impossible. The species are restricted 
to the tropical and subtropical regions of the 
eastern hemisphere, though widely distributed 
within these limits. The more typical species 
nn A Head of “efe- are distinguished especially by the single pair 
philus¢marginatus. (Dobson, f > So o < 
Monogr. Asiat. Chirapt.) of unicuspidate upper incisors separated by a 
wide space and placed close to the canines, by 
the small transverse first lower premolar squeezed in between the 
canine and second premolar, and, generally, by their conical nearly 
naked muzzles and remarkably thick leathery membranes. S. kuhli 
is probably the commonest species of Bat in India, and appears 
often on the wing even before the sun has touched the horizon, 
Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1866, p. 672. 
Leach, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xiii. p. 71 (1822). 
1 
* See O. Thomas, Ann. Mus. Genova (2). vol. ix. pp.84-83 (1890). 
