PHVLLOSTOMA TIDE 673 
from Chilonycteris by the great elevation of the crown of the head 
above the line of the face, as well as by the basicranial plane being 
nearly at right angles to the facial. Both species are noticeable 
for their peculiar physiognomy, as is shown in the accompanying 
woodcut (Fig. 318). 
Subfamily Phyllostomatins.—Nostrils opening on the upper 
surface of the muzzle, the nasal apertures more or less surrounded 
or margined by well-developed cutaneous appendages, forming a 
distinct nose-leaf; chin with warts. The numerous genera, most 
of which can only be mentioned here by name, may be arranged 
under four divisions. 
In the first or Vampirine division the muzzle is long and narrow 
in front ; the distance between the eyes is generally less than, rarely 
equal to, that from the eye to the extremity of the muzzle; the 
nose-leaf is well developed, horse-shoe shaped in front, and lanceolate 
behind ; interfemoral membrane well developed; tail generally 
distinct, rarely absent ; inner margin of the lips not fringed. The 
dentition is: 7 =n c+, p sys m%; total 32. The cusps of the 
upper molars are usually well developed, and arranged in a W. 
Nearly all the species of this division appear to be insectivorous, so 
that the name applied to them must not be considered as having 
any relation to their habits. Vampyrus spectrum, a large Bat 
inhabiting Brazil, of forbidding aspect, which was long considered 
by naturalists to be sanguivorous in its habits, and named accord- 
ingly by Geoffroy, has been shown by the observations of modern 
travellers to be mainly frugivorous, and is considered by the 
inhabitants of the countries in which it is found to be perfectly 
harmless. It is the largest Bat in America, the length of the 
forearm being 4°2 inches. Otopterus waterhousei appears to prey 
occasionally on small species of Bats, like Megaderma lyra of the 
eastern hemisphere, which it resembles in many respects. 
Lonchorhina,’ Otopterus,? and Dolichophyllwm.?—These three genera 
are characterised by the tail continuing to the hinder margin of the 
interfemoral membrane. Lonchorhina is represented by the single 
species L. auwrifa, in which the nose-leaf is much elongated, and the 
ear-conch and tragus are unusually large. 
Vampyrus,* etc-—In all the remaining genera of this division the 
tail perforates the interfemoral membrane, so as to appear upon its’ 
upper surface. These genera are Vampyrus, Lophostoma, Micronycteris,° 
1 Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 81. 2? New name: Syn. Macrotus ; 
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 21. Preoccupied by Aacrotis, Dej. 1833. 
® New name: Syn. Macrophyllum ; Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. vol. ii. p. 489 (1838). 
Preoccupied by Macrophylla, Hope, 1837. 4 Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 
xiii. pp. 74, 75 (1822). For the references to the other genera see Dobson, Cat. 
Chiropt. Brit. Mus. ° Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 113. Syn. Schizostoma ; 
Gervais, 1855. Preoccupied by Broun, 1835. 
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