ANTHROPOIDEA 699 
and the first upper incisor are enlarged, the upper molars 
(Fig. 334) tritubercular, and the lower quadritubercular. Indrodon, 
of the lowest Eocene of the United States, resembles Plesiadapis in 
its tritubercular upper molars, and appears to have a nearly similar 
dental formula. Miaodectes, of the same deposits, was probably a 
more or less closely allied type. Pelycodus of the Wasatch Eocene 
of North America, in which the hallux was not opposable, and 
Cryptopithecus of the German Eocene, may be regarded as very 
generalised Lemuroids. 
Bibliography.—Besides the works and memoirs on particular families and genera 
referred to above, see St. G. Mivart, ‘‘Notes on the Crania and Dentition of 
the Lemuride,” in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864 (pp. 611-648) and 1867 (pp. 960-975) ; 
Mivart and Murie, ‘‘On the Anatomy of the Lemuroidea,” in Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1872, vol. vii. pp. 1-113; W. Turner, ‘‘On the Placentation of the Lemurs,” in 
Phil. Trans, vol. clxvi. pp. 569-587 ; F. Pollen and D. C. Van Dam, Recherches 
sur la Faune de Madagascar, 2”° parte, ‘‘Mammiferes,” 1868. For the fossil 
types see M. Schlosser, ‘‘Die Affen., Lemuren, etc,, des Europiiischen Tertiars,” 
in Beitr. Pal. Gstr-Ungar, 1888. 
Suborder ANTHROPOIDEA. 
This suborder includes the whole of the remaining members of 
the Primates, namely, those animals commonly known as Marmosets, 
Monkeys, Baboons, and Apes, together with Man himself. The 
characters by which the Anthropoidea are distinguished as a whole 
from the Lemuroidea may be summarised as follows. Skull with 
the orbit separated from the temporal fossa by a vertical plate of 
bone joining the postorbital bar, and the lachrymal foramen situated 
within the margin of the orbit. Pollex sometimes rudimentary or 
absent; second digit of manus always well developed, and that of 
the pes usually with a flattened nail (not so in Hupalide). The 
cerebral hemispheres of the brain either completely or almost 
completely cover the cerebellum, and are much convoluted. 
Uterus not bicornuate. The placenta is deciduate and discoidal ; 
and the allantois is small. There are never abdominal mammex. As 
additional points of distinction from the Lemuroidea, it may be 
mentioned that the anterior cornu of the hyoid is shorter than the 
posterior; the inner pair of upper incisors are in contact in the 
middle line ; and the transverse portion of the colon extends unin- 
terruptedly across the abdomen. 
The Anthropoidea may be divided into the five families—Hapa- 
lide, Cebide, Cercopithecide, Simiide, and Hominide, of which the 
first and second are confined to the New, and the third and fourth 
to the Old World. 
In noticing some of the salient features in the external and 
internal structure of the Anthropoidea it will be found convenient 
