706 PRIMATES 
Apes, the Orang has a brain which is most like that of Man; 
indeed, it may be said to be like Man’s in all respects, save that it 
is much inferior in size and weight, and that the cerebrum is more 
symmetrically convoluted and less complicated with secondary and 
tertiary convolutions. If the brain of Simia be compared with that 
of Gorilla and Anthropopithecus, we find the height of the cerebrum 
in front greater in proportion in the former than in the latter ; also 
the bridging convolutions, though small, are still distinguishable, 
while they are absent in the Chimpanzee. Nevertheless this 
character cannot be of much importance, since it reappears in Afeles, 
while two kinds of the genus Cebus (so closely allied as to have been 
sometimes treated as one species) differ strangely from each other 
in this respect. The corpus callosum, in Apes generally, does not 
extend so far back as in Man, and it is very short in Pithecia. In the 
Orang and Chimpanzee there are, as in Man, two corpora albicantia, 
while in the lower Monkeys there is but one. The vermis of the 
cerebellum is larger in the Cebide than in the Simiide and Cerco- 
pithecide. In all Apes below the Stiniide each lateral lobe of the 
cerebellum gives off a small lobule, which is received into a special 
fossa of the petrous bone. Certain prominences of the medulla 
oblongata, termed corpora trapezoidea, which are found in lower 
mammals, begin to make their appearance in the Cebid.” 
The organs connected with the functions of alimentation, circu- 
lation, and excretion, as well as the muscles, conform generally to 
the type obtaining in Man, of which full description will be found 
in works on human anatomy. The tongue is longer in Apes than 
in Man ; and a uvula is generally present, although rudimentary in 
the Cebide. The peculiar sacculation of the stomach in the sub- 
family Semnopithecine has been already mentioned ; this sacculation 
is most developed at the cardiac extremity, where it somewhat 
resembles a colon spirally coiled. In Hylobates the stomach is very 
like that of Man, differing only in the more elongated and distinct 
pylorus. Pithecia has a more globular stomach, while in Hapale 
the cardiac and pyloric apertures are approximated. The intestine 
of Apes is devoid of valvule conniventes, and it is only in Man and 
the Simiidw that the colon is furnished with a vermiform appendage. 
The colon varies from a fully sacculated form in Hylobates to a 
smooth one in Cebus. 
The liver of Apes is subject to a considerable amount of varia- 
tion. In the Simiide it comes more or less close to the human 
type; that of the Orangs being usually divided only into two 
principal lobes by the umbilical vein, and showing no trace of 
lateral fissures. In the Gorilla these fissures are present, so as to 
produce right and left lateral and central lobes. Hylobutes has a 
liver (Fig. 352) which perhaps is nearer to the human than that of 
any of the other Simiidw. In the Cercopithecide the liver differs 
