708 PRIMATES 
Man. In Aylobates and the lower Apes, however, the left carotid 
artery may take its origin from the innominate artery. 
In regard to their distribution in time the earliest record that 
we as yet have of the occurrence of Apes is in the Middle Miocene 
of Europe, where forms are met with apparently so closely allied to 
some of the higher existing types that it is evident we must look 
much farther back before we can get any clue to the origin of the 
suborder. Since all the known fossil Old World Apes are referable 
to the Stmiudw or Cercopithecide, and no representatives of these 
families have been obtained from the Tertiaries of America, it would 
appear that the distinction of the Apes of the Old World from 
those of the New is of very old standing. 
At the present day Apes are mainly confined to tropical and 
subtropical regions. In the Old World Afacacus inuus is found as 
far north as Gibraltar, Jf tibetanus and Semnopithecus roxellane 
inhabit western Tibet, while in Japan we have JZ. speciosus. In the 
New World one species of 4éeles is known to occur as far north as 
latitude 19° in Southern Mexico, and may range a few degrees 
higher. To the southward species are found near the Cape, in 
Timor, and the Malay Archipelago; while in America they range 
in Brazil and Paraguay to about latitude 30°. The Tibetan species 
are found at a very high elevation; and in the outer Himalaya the 
Langurs (Semnoptthecus) may be seen in winter and spring leaping 
from bough to bough of snow-covered pines. 
Apes are very abundant in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions, 
as well as in that part of America which extends from Panama to 
Southern Brazil. Ceylon, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java may be 
mentioned as islands where Ape-life attains great development ; but 
they are unknown in Madagascar and the West Indian Islands, and 
of course in the Australasian region. 
We have already alluded to the circumstance that while the 
Simiide and Cercopithecide are exclusively confined to the Old World, 
the Cebide and Hapalide are equally restricted to the New, and we 
may accordingly proceed to notice a few points in relation to generic 
distribution. Of the larger Simidw the Gorilla and Chimpanzee 
are confined to Equatorial Africa, and the Orang to Malayana; but 
there is evidence of the former existence of a species of Chimpanzee 
(<{nthropopithecus) and not improbably of an Orang (Simic) in Northern 
India. The Gibbons (Hylobates) are now exclusively Oriental. 
Europe has only Aacacus inwus of Gibraltar, also found in Africa 
north of the Sahara, and therefore strictly Palearctic in distribu- 
tion. The Ethiopian region includes in the Cercopithecida the genus 
Colobus (the African analogue of Semnopithecus), Cercopithecus, and 
the Baboons (Cynocephalus, etc.) The Baboons range, however, into 
Arabia and Syria, and also existed during the Pliocene epoch in 
Northern India. Semnopithecus and Macacus are very characteristic 
